Te-Form Uses II

Japanese Grammar 2

Course 2 ยท Chapter 4 ยท Uses of the Te-Form II: Experience, Preparation and Regret

๐Ÿ› ๏ธ Using the Te-Form (2) โ€” ใฆ-ใ‘ใ„ใฎ ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ ใใฎ2

Chapter 3 gave you the te-form's common jobs. This chapter adds a second group: patterns where the te-form is joined to a helper verb (ใฟใ‚‹, ใŠใ, ใ—ใพใ†) that adds a shade of meaning. The helper is written in kana and keeps the meaning of its own verb only loosely: ใฟใ‚‹ is not "see" here, it means "try".

The rule in one box ใ€œใฆใฟใ‚‹ = try doing. ใ€œใฆใŠใ = do in advance (or leave as is). ใ€œใฆใ—ใพใ† = finish doing, or do with regret. ใ€œใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ = must not. ใ€œใฆใ‚‚ = even if. Each helper conjugates as an ordinary Group 2 or Group 1 verb: ใฟใพใ™, ใŠใใพใ™, ใ—ใพใ„ใพใ™.

1. ใ€œใฆใฟใ‚‹: try doing

Te-form + ใฟใ‚‹: do something to see what it is like. The verb is always written in kana.

JapaneseEnglish

kono rฤmen o tabete mimasu
I'll try this ramen.
I'd like to try wearing a kimono.
Please try drinking this.
I went to Japan (to see what it was like).
Watch out: ใฟใ‚‹ meaning "see" versus "try" ใฟใฆใฟใ‚‹ ("try looking") sounds odd but is correct. And because ใ€œใฆใฟใ‚‹ means "try and see", it is used for things you can do, not for the helper's own idea of a trial: don't use it for something you have already done many times.

2. ใ€œใฆใŠใ: do in advance

Te-form + ใŠใ means to do something in preparation, or to leave something in a state.

MeaningExampleEnglish
In advance
ryokล no mae ni, hoteru o yoyaku shite okimasu
Before the trip, I'll book the hotel in advance.
In advanceI bought the beer before the party.
Leave as isPlease leave the window open.

In conversation, ใ€œใฆใŠใ shortens to ใ€œใจใ (ใ‹ใฃใจใ, ใ‚ˆใ‚“ใฉใ), but only in casual speech.

3. ใ€œใฆใ—ใพใ†: finish, or regret

Te-form + ใ—ใพใ† has two related meanings:

MeaningExampleEnglish
Completion (finish entirely)
hon o zenbu yonde shimaimashita
I've read the whole book.
Regret (it happened, unfortunately)I've (regrettably) forgotten my wallet.
RegretOh no, I dropped my phone.

Casual speech contracts ใ€œใฆใ—ใพใ† to ใ€œใกใ‚ƒใ† and ใ€œใงใ—ใพใ† to ใ€œใ˜ใ‚ƒใ†: ใ‚ใ™ใ‚Œใกใ‚ƒใฃใŸ, ใฎใ‚“ใ˜ใ‚ƒใฃใŸ. You will hear these constantly, but save them for friends.

Watch out: completion or regret? Context decides. An action that was intentional and neutral (ใœใ‚“ใถ ใŸในใฆ ใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸ, "I ate it all up") is completion; something that was accidental or undesired (ใ‚ใ™ใ‚Œใฆ ใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸ, ใŠใจใ—ใฆ ใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸ) is regret. With a verb like ใ“ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (break), the regret reading is automatic.

4. ใ€œใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“: must not

Te-form + ใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ is a prohibition: "you must not". It is the negative answer to ใ€œใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ from Chapter 3.

JapaneseEnglish

koko de tabako o suttewa ikemasen
You must not smoke here.
A: May I take photos?
B: No, you may not.
You must not use mobile phones at school.
Watch out: it sounds like a rule, not a request ใ€œใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ is how rules, signs and teachers speak, and it comes across as quite strong. To ask a stranger not to do something, use ใ€œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ (Chapter 5). Casual speech: ใ€œใกใ‚ƒใ ใ‚ / ใ€œใกใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ (ใŸในใกใ‚ƒใ ใ‚, "don't eat that").

5. ใ€œใฆใ‚‚: even if

Te-form + ใ‚‚ introduces a concession: "even if / even though". It is the same ใฆ + ใ‚‚ as in ใ€œใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™, now used on its own at the start of a sentence's second half.

TypeExampleEnglish
Verb
ame ga futte mo, ikimasu
Even if it rains, I'll go.
VerbNo matter how much I eat, I don't feel full.
ใ„-adjectiveEven if it's expensive, I'll buy it.
ใช-adjective / noun
Even if it's quiet, I can't sleep.
Even on Sunday I work.

Note the forms: verbs use the te-form + ใ‚‚, ใ„-adjectives ใ€œใใฆใ‚‚, and ใช-adjectives and nouns ใ€œใงใ‚‚. Question words strengthen it: ใ„ใใ‚‰ใ€œใฆใ‚‚ (no matter how much), ใฉใ‚“ใชใซใ€œใฆใ‚‚ (however), ใ ใ‚ŒใŒใ€œใฆใ‚‚ (whoever).

A taster: giving and receiving favours (do a favour for someone), (someone does a favour for me) and (I receive a favour) also grow from the te-form. They are explained in Japanese Grammar 3; for now, just recognise the pattern: ใฏใฏใŒ ใ”ใฏใ‚“ใ‚’ ใคใใฃใฆ ใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ ("My mother made me dinner").

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ In Use โ€” ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

Helpers in conversation.

โ‘  At a restaurant

A: Kono ryลri wa nan desu ka. What is this dish?
B: Nihon no tabemono desu. Tabete mite kudasai. It's Japanese food. Please try it.

โ‘ก Planning

A: Raishลซ no ryokล no junbi wa? How's the preparation for next week's trip?
B: Hoteru wa yoyaku shite okimashita. Kippu mo katte okimasu. I've booked the hotel in advance. I'll buy the tickets in advance too.

โ‘ข Oops

A: Dล shimashita ka. What's the matter?
B: Kasa o wasurete shimaimashita. Demo, ame ga futte mo, ikimasu. I've forgotten my umbrella. But even if it rains, I'll go.

๐Ÿ“‹ Quick Reference

PatternMeaningCasual form
ใ€œใฆ ใฟใ‚‹try doingใ€œใฆใฟใ‚‹
ใ€œใฆ ใŠใdo in advance; leave as isใ€œใจใ
ใ€œใฆ ใ—ใพใ†finish; do with regretใ€œใกใ‚ƒใ† / ใ€œใ˜ใ‚ƒใ†
ใ€œใฆใฏ ใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“must notใ€œใกใ‚ƒใ ใ‚ / ใ€œใกใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใชใ„
ใ€œใฆใ‚‚ / ใ€œใใฆใ‚‚ / ใ€œใงใ‚‚even if(same)

โœ๏ธ Practice โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Say "I'll try this cake."

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2. Say "I'd like to try wearing that jacket."

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3. Say "I'll write the date in advance."

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4. Say "Please leave the light on."

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5. Say "I've eaten it all." (completion)

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6. Say "Oh no, I lost my key." (regret)

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7. Say "You must not enter here."

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(ใฏใ„ใ‚‹ is Group 1: ใฏใ„ใฃใฆ.)

8. Reply "No, you may not" to

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9. Say "Even if it's cheap, I won't buy it."

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10. Say "Even if it's Sunday, I study."

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Coming up in Chapter 5: The ใชใ„-Form. The negative stem for each group, ใ€œใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„, ใ€œใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™, ใ€œใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ and ใ€œใชใ„ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„.