Te-Form Uses II
Japanese Grammar 2
Course 2 ยท Chapter 4 ยท Uses of the Te-Form II: Experience, Preparation and Regret
๐ ๏ธ Using the Te-Form (2) โ ใฆ-ใใใฎ ใคใใใใ ใใฎ2
Chapter 3 gave you the te-form's common jobs. This chapter adds a second group: patterns where the te-form is joined to a helper verb (ใฟใ, ใใ, ใใพใ) that adds a shade of meaning. The helper is written in kana and keeps the meaning of its own verb only loosely: ใฟใ is not "see" here, it means "try".
1. ใใฆใฟใ: try doing
Te-form + ใฟใ: do something to see what it is like. The verb is always written in kana.
| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| ใใฎ ใฉใผใกใณใ ใในใฆ ใฟใพใใ kono rฤmen o tabete mimasu | I'll try this ramen. |
| ใใใฎใ ใใฆ ใฟใใใงใใ | I'd like to try wearing a kimono. |
| ใใใ ใฎใใง ใฟใฆ ใใ ใใใ | Please try drinking this. |
| ใซใปใใธ ใใฃใฆ ใฟใพใใใ | I went to Japan (to see what it was like). |
2. ใใฆใใ: do in advance
Te-form + ใใ means to do something in preparation, or to leave something in a state.
| Meaning | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| In advance | ใใใใใฎ ใพใใซใใใใซใ ใใใใใฆ ใใใพใใ ryokล no mae ni, hoteru o yoyaku shite okimasu | Before the trip, I'll book the hotel in advance. |
| In advance | ใใผใใฃใผใฎ ใพใใซใใใผใซใ ใใฃใฆ ใใใพใใใ | I bought the beer before the party. |
| Leave as is | ใพใฉใ ใใใฆ ใใใฆ ใใ ใใใ | Please leave the window open. |
In conversation, ใใฆใใ shortens to ใใจใ (ใใฃใจใ, ใใใฉใ), but only in casual speech.
3. ใใฆใใพใ: finish, or regret
Te-form + ใใพใ has two related meanings:
| Meaning | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| Completion (finish entirely) | ใปใใ ใใใถ ใใใง ใใพใใพใใใ hon o zenbu yonde shimaimashita | I've read the whole book. |
| Regret (it happened, unfortunately) | ใใใตใ ใใใใฆ ใใพใใพใใใ | I've (regrettably) forgotten my wallet. |
| Regret | ใใใใใ ใใจใใฆ ใใพใใพใใใ | Oh no, I dropped my phone. |
Casual speech contracts ใใฆใใพใ to ใใกใใ and ใใงใใพใ to ใใใใ: ใใใใกใใฃใ, ใฎใใใใฃใ. You will hear these constantly, but save them for friends.
4. ใใฆใฏใใใพใใ: must not
Te-form + ใฏใใใพใใ is a prohibition: "you must not". It is the negative answer to ใใฆใใใใงใใ from Chapter 3.
| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| ใใใง ใใฐใใ ใใฃใฆใฏ ใใใพใใใ koko de tabako o suttewa ikemasen | You must not smoke here. |
| A: ใใใใใ ใจใฃใฆใ ใใใงใใใ B: ใใใใใจใฃใฆใฏ ใใใพใใใ | A: May I take photos? B: No, you may not. |
| ใใฃใใใง ใฑใผใฟใคใ ใคใใฃใฆใฏ ใใใพใใใ | You must not use mobile phones at school. |
5. ใใฆใ: even if
Te-form + ใ introduces a concession: "even if / even though". It is the same ใฆ + ใ as in ใใฆใใใใงใ, now used on its own at the start of a sentence's second half.
| Type | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| Verb | ใใใ ใตใฃใฆใใใใใพใใ ame ga futte mo, ikimasu | Even if it rains, I'll go. |
| Verb | ใใใ ใในใฆใใใใชใใ ใใฃใฑใใซ ใชใใพใใใ | No matter how much I eat, I don't feel full. |
| ใ-adjective | ใใใใฆใใใใใพใใ | Even if it's expensive, I'll buy it. |
| ใช-adjective / noun | ใใใใงใใใญใใใพใใใ ใซใกใใใณใงใใใฏใใใใพใใ | Even if it's quiet, I can't sleep. Even on Sunday I work. |
Note the forms: verbs use the te-form + ใ, ใ-adjectives ใใใฆใ, and ใช-adjectives and nouns ใใงใ. Question words strengthen it: ใใใใใฆใ (no matter how much), ใฉใใชใซใใฆใ (however), ใ ใใใใฆใ (whoever).
๐ฃ๏ธ In Use โ ใคใใใใ
Helpers in conversation.
โ At a restaurant
โก Planning
โข Oops
๐ Quick Reference
| Pattern | Meaning | Casual form |
|---|---|---|
| ใใฆ ใฟใ | try doing | ใใฆใฟใ |
| ใใฆ ใใ | do in advance; leave as is | ใใจใ |
| ใใฆ ใใพใ | finish; do with regret | ใใกใใ / ใใใใ |
| ใใฆใฏ ใใใพใใ | must not | ใใกใใ ใ / ใใกใใใใชใ |
| ใใฆใ / ใใใฆใ / ใใงใ | even if | (same) |
โ๏ธ Practice โ ใใใใ ใ
Try each one, then click to check.
1. Say "I'll try this cake."
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ใใฎ ใฑใผใญใ ใในใฆ ใฟใพใใ
2. Say "I'd like to try wearing that jacket."
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ใใฎ ใธใฃใฑใใใ ใใฆ ใฟใใใงใใ
3. Say "I'll write the date in advance."
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ใฒใฅใใ ใใใฆ ใใใพใใ
4. Say "Please leave the light on."
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ใงใใใ ใคใใฆ ใใใฆ ใใ ใใใ
5. Say "I've eaten it all." (completion)
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ใใใถ ใในใฆ ใใพใใพใใใ
6. Say "Oh no, I lost my key." (regret)
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ใใใ ใชใใใฆ ใใพใใพใใใ
7. Say "You must not enter here."
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ใใใซ ใฏใใฃใฆใฏ ใใใพใใใ (ใฏใใ is Group 1: ใฏใใฃใฆ.)
8. Reply "No, you may not" to ใใใง ใในใฆใ ใใใงใใใ
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ใใใใใในใฆใฏ ใใใพใใใ
9. Say "Even if it's cheap, I won't buy it."
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ใใใใฆใใใใใพใใใ
10. Say "Even if it's Sunday, I study."
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ใซใกใใใณใงใใในใใใใใใพใใ