Te-Form Uses I
Japanese Grammar 2
Course 2 ยท Chapter 3 ยท Uses of the Te-Form I: Requests, Progress and Permission
๐ ๏ธ Using the Te-Form (1) โ ใฆ-ใใใฎ ใคใใใใ
In Chapter 2 you learned to build the te-form. Now you use it. This chapter covers the five most frequent jobs: asking someone to do something, saying that an action is in progress or a state holds, giving and asking for permission, saying "after doing", and chaining actions in order.
1. Requests: ใใฆใใ ใใ
You met the set phrases in Japanese Grammar 1 Chapter 11. Now you can make any request.
| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| ใใใซ ใชใพใใ ใใใฆ ใใ ใใใ koko ni namae o kaite kudasai | Please write your name here. |
| ใใฎ ใปใใ ใใใง ใใ ใใใ | Please read this book. |
| ใใขใ ใใใฆ ใใ ใใใ | Please open the door. |
| ใใใ ใพใฃใฆ ใใ ใใใ | Please wait a little. |
2. ใใฆใใพใ: progress and state
Verb te-form + ใใพใ (the polite form of ใใ) has four main meanings. Which one you get depends on the verb:
| Meaning | Verbs | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Action in progress (is -ing) | activity verbs: ใในใ, ใใ, ใใใ, ใฏใชใ | ใใพ ใใฏใใ ใในใฆ ใใพใใ I'm eating now. |
| Resulting state (has done, and it remains so) | change verbs: ใใ, ใใพใ, ใคใ, ใใฌ, ใใฃใใใใ, ใใ, ใใค, ใใ, ใใ | ใใขใ ใใใฆ ใใพใใ The door is open. ใใฃใใใใฆ ใใพใใ I'm married. |
| Habit or repeated action | most verbs, with a frequency word | ใพใใซใก ใฏใใฃใฆ ใใพใใ I run every day. |
| Occupation and long-term situation | ใฏใใใ, ใใ, ใพใชใถ | ใจใใใใใซ ใใใง ใใพใใ I live in Tokyo. ใใใใใง ใฏใใใใฆ ใใพใใ I work at a bank. |
The negative and past follow ใใ: ใในใฆใใพใใ (isn't eating), ใในใฆใใพใใ (was eating), ใในใฆใใพใใใงใใ (wasn't eating). The same pattern in the plain form is ใใฆใใ, and in casual speech the ใ is often dropped: ใในใฆใ.
3. Permission: ใใฆใใใใงใ
Te-form + ใใใใงใ means "may / it is all right to": a statement, or with ใ a request for permission.
| Pattern | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| Asking permission | ใใใง ใใใใใ ใจใฃใฆใ ใใใงใใใ koko de shashin o tottemo ii desu ka | May I take photos here? |
| Giving permission | ใฏใใใใใงใใใ / ใฉใใใ | Yes, of course. / Please do. |
| Refusing | ใใฟใพใใใใกใใฃใจโฆใ / ใใใใใ ใใงใใ | I'm sorry, that's a bitโฆ / No, it's not allowed. |
| Stating permission | ใใใซ ใใใฃใฆใ ใใใงใใ | You may sit here. |
The refusal for a prohibition (ใใฆใฏใใใพใใ) is in Chapter 4. To ask, ใใฆใใใใงใใ is the standard polite form; a more deferential one is ใใฆใใใใใใงใใ.
4. ใใฆใใ: after doing
Te-form + ใใ means "after doing X": the second action begins only once the first is finished.
| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| ใใฏใใ ใในใฆใใใใฏใ ใฟใใใพใใ gohan o tabete kara, ha o migakimasu | After I eat, I brush my teeth. |
| ใใใจใ ใใใฃใฆใใใใจใใ ใกใซ ใใใพใใ | After work finishes, I'm meeting a friend. |
| ใซใปใใซ ใใฆใใใใซใปใใใ ในใใใใใใฆใใพใใ | Since I came to Japan, I've been studying Japanese. |
5. Sequences with ใฆ
Chain several actions by putting each verb in the te-form except the last. The last verb gives the tense and politeness for all of them.
| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| ใใ ใใใฆใใทใฃใฏใผใ ใใณใฆใใใฃใใใธ ใใใพใใใ | I got up, showered and went to school. |
| ในใผใใผใธ ใใฃใฆใใใใใ ใใฃใฆใใใกใธ ใใใใพใใ | I'll go to the supermarket, buy vegetables and go home. |
| ใพใฃใใ ใใฃใฆใใฟใใธ ใพใใฃใฆ ใใ ใใใ | Please go straight and turn right. |
๐ฃ๏ธ In Use โ ใคใใใใ
Te-forms at work.
โ At the doctor's
โก On the phone
โข Giving directions
๐ Quick Reference
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใใฆ ใใ ใใ | please do | ใพใฃใฆ ใใ ใใ |
| ใใฆ ใใพใ | is doing / state / habit / long-term | ใในใฆ ใใพใ; ใใฃใใใใฆ ใใพใ |
| ใใฆ ใใพใใ | isn't doing / hasn't (yet) | ใพใ ใในใฆ ใใพใใ |
| ใใฆ ใ ใใใงใ(ใ) | may / may I? | ใใใฃใฆใ ใใใงใใ |
| ใใฆ ใใ | after doing | ใในใฆใใ ใใใพใ |
| ใใฆใใใฆใใใพใ | do, then do, then do | ใใใฆใใในใฆใใใใพใ |
โ๏ธ Practice โ ใใใใ ใ
Try each one, then click to check.
1. Say "Please read this page."
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ใใฎ ใใผใธใ ใใใง ใใ ใใใ
2. Say "I'm studying Japanese now."
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ใใพ ใซใปใใใ ในใใใใใใฆ ใใพใใ
3. Say "The window is open." (Which kind of ใใฆใใพใ?)
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ใพใฉใ ใใใฆ ใใพใใ A resulting state.
4. Say "I live in Edinburgh."
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ใจใใฃใณใใฉใซ ใใใง ใใพใใ
5. Say "I don't know." Why not ใใฃใฆใใพใใ?
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ใใใพใใใ The negative of ใใฃใฆใใพใ is the irregular ใใใพใใ.
6. Ask "May I sit here?"
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ใใใซ ใใใฃใฆใ ใใใงใใใ
7. Politely refuse a request to sit in your reserved seat, without saying "no".
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ใใฟใพใใใใใใฏ ใกใใฃใจโฆใ
8. Say "After I eat, I take a walk." (ใใใฝใใ)
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ใในใฆใใใใใใฝใใพใใ
9. Say "I got up, washed my face and ate breakfast."
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ใใใฆใใใใ ใใใฃใฆใใใใใฏใใ ใในใพใใใ Only the last verb is in the past.
10. Say "I'm married." and "I'm not married."
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ใใฃใใใใฆ ใใพใใ / ใใฃใใใใฆ ใใพใใใ (Not ใใฃใใใใพใใ, which would mean "I won't marry".)