The Te-Form
Japanese Grammar 2
Course 2 ยท Chapter 2 ยท The Te-Form
๐ The Te-Form โ ใฆ-ใใ
The te-form is the most useful verb form in Japanese. It does not mean anything by itself: it is a connector that other grammar attaches to. Requests, "is doing", permission, sequences and many more patterns (Chapters 3 and 4) all sit on top of it. This chapter is only about forming it, so that the next two chapters can concentrate on using it.
1. Group 2 and Group 3: easy
| Group | Dictionary form | Te-form | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | ใในใ (้ฃในใ) | ใในใฆ tabete | to eat |
| 2 | ใฟใ (่ฆใ) | ใฟใฆ mite | to see |
| 2 | ใใใ (่ตทใใ) | ใใใฆ | to get up |
| 2 | ใญใ (ๅฏใ) | ใญใฆ | to sleep |
| 3 | ใใ | ใใฆ shite | to do |
| 3 | ใใ (ๆฅใ) | ใใฆ kite | to come |
| 3 | ในใใใใใใ (ๅๅผทใใ) | ในใใใใใใฆ | to study |
2. Group 1: five endings, four sound changes
| Ending | Change | Example | Te-form |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใ, ใค, ใ | โ ใฃใฆ (small ใฃ) | ใใ (่ฒทใ) | ใใฃใฆ katte |
| ใพใค (ๅพ ใค) | ใพใฃใฆ matte | ||
| ใฎใ (ไนใ) | ใฎใฃใฆ notte | ||
| ใฌ, ใถ, ใ | โ ใใง | ใใฌ (ๆญปใฌ) | ใใใง shinde |
| ใใใถ (้ใถ) | ใใใใง asonde | ||
| ใฎใ (้ฃฒใ) | ใฎใใง nonde | ||
| ใ | โ ใใฆ | ใใ (ๆธใ) | ใใใฆ kaite |
| ใ | โ ใใง | ใใใ (ๆณณใ) | ใใใใง oyoide |
| ใ | โ ใใฆ | ใฏใชใ (่ฉฑใ) | ใฏใชใใฆ hanashite |
3. The exception: ใใ
ใใ (่กใ, to go) is the only common verb that breaks the pattern. By the rule it should be ใใใฆ, but it is ใใฃใฆ itte. The same applies to verbs built on it: ใคใใฆใใ (้ฃใใฆ่กใ) โ ใคใใฆใใฃใฆ; ใใฃใฆใใ (ๆใฃใฆ่กใ) โ ใใฃใฆใใฃใฆ.
4. Putting the groups together
| Dictionary form | Group | Rule applied | Te-form |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใใใ (ๆฅใ) to hurry | 1 | ใ โ ใใง | ใใใใง |
| ใใถ (ๅผใถ) to call | 1 | ใถ โ ใใง | ใใใง |
| ใใ (่ชญใ) to read | 1 | ใ โ ใใง | ใใใง |
| ใใ to exist (things) | 1 | ใ โ ใฃใฆ | ใใฃใฆ |
| ใใใ (ๅธฐใ) to return | 1 | ใ โ ใฃใฆ | ใใใฃใฆ |
| ใใใ (ๅคใใ) to change | 2 | drop ใ + ใฆ | ใใใฆ |
| ใฏใใ (ๅ ฅใ) to enter | 1 | ใ โ ใฃใฆ | ใฏใใฃใฆ |
| ใใ (็ใ) to wear | 2 | drop ใ + ใฆ | ใใฆ |
| ใใ (ๅใ) to cut | 1 | ใ โ ใฃใฆ | ใใฃใฆ |
Remember Chapter 1: the "false ru-verbs" (ใใใ, ใฏใใ, ใใ in the cutting sense) must be recognised as Group 1 first, and only then can you form the te-form correctly. A mistake in the group gives ใฏใใฆ instead of ใฏใใฃใฆ, which is a different verb altogether (ใฏใ "to wear below the waist": ใฏใใฆ).
5. Te-forms of adjectives and ใงใ
The same connecting job is done for adjectives and nouns, with simpler forms:
| Type | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใ-adjective | drop ใ, add ใใฆ | ใใใใ โ ใใใใใฆ (big andโฆ) ใใ โ ใใใฆ |
| ใช-adjective | add ใง | ใใใ โ ใใใใง (quiet andโฆ) |
| Noun + ใงใ | noun + ใง | ใใใใ โ ใใใใใง (is a teacher andโฆ) |
Example: ใใฎ ใธใใฏ ใฒใใใฆใใใใใงใใ ("This room is spacious and quiet.") The ใใ exception (ใใใฆ) is the same as for ใใใชใ, ใใใฃใ in Japanese Grammar 1.
6. The te-form as a building block
You will meet these in the next chapters. For now, just see how many patterns grow from one form:
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใใฆ ใใ ใใ | please do | ใพใฃใฆ ใใ ใใใ |
| ใใฆ ใใพใ | is doing; state | ใในใฆ ใใพใใ |
| ใใฆ ใ ใใใงใ | may | ใใใฃใฆ ใ ใใใงใใ |
| ใใฆใใใฆใใใพใ | and then (a sequence) | ใใใฆใใในใฆใใใใพใใ |
| ใใฆ ใฟใ / ใใ / ใใพใ | try / do in advance / finish (and regret) | Chapter 4 |
๐ฃ๏ธ In Use โ ใคใใใใ
Te-forms in short exchanges. The patterns themselves are explained in Chapter 3.
โ Asking someone to wait
โก Morning routine
โข Describing a house
๐ Quick Reference
| Ending | Te-form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Group 2: ใใ | drop ใ + ใฆ | ใในใ โ ใในใฆ |
| ใใ / ใใ | ใใฆ / ใใฆ | |
| ใ, ใค, ใ (Group 1) | ใใฃใฆ | ใใ โ ใใฃใฆ |
| ใฌ, ใถ, ใ | ใใใง | ใฎใ โ ใฎใใง |
| ใ | ใใใฆ | ใใ โ ใใใฆ |
| ใ | ใใใง | ใใใ โ ใใใใง |
| ใ | ใใใฆ | ใฏใชใ โ ใฏใชใใฆ |
| Exception | ใใ โ ใใฃใฆ | |
| ใ-adj / ใช-adj / noun | ใใใฆ / ใใง / ใใง | ใใใใใฆ, ใใใใง, ใใใใใง |
โ๏ธ Practice โ ใใใใ ใ
Try each one, then click to check.
1. Te-form of ใในใ.
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ใในใฆ
2. Te-form of ใใ and of ใใ.
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ใใใฆ; ใใฃใฆ (the exception).
3. Te-form of ใฎใ, ใใถ and ใใใถ.
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ใฎใใง, ใใใง, ใใใใง
4. Te-form of ใใ, ใพใค and ใฎใ.
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ใใฃใฆ, ใพใฃใฆ, ใฎใฃใฆ
5. Te-form of ใฏใชใ and ใใใ.
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ใฏใชใใฆ; ใใใใง.
6. Te-form of ใใ, ใใ and ในใใใใใใ.
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ใใฆ, ใใฆ, ในใใใใใใฆ
7. ใใใ (to return) and ใฏใใ (to enter): te-forms? Why?
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ใใใฃใฆ, ใฏใใฃใฆ: both are false ru-verbs, so they are Group 1 (ใ โ ใฃใฆ).
8. Connect "big" and "new": ใใใใ, ใใใใใ.
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ใใใใใฆใใใใใใ (e.g. ใใใใใฆ ใใใใใ ใใกใงใใ)
9. Connect "quiet" and "clean": ใใใ, ใใใ (both ใช-adjectives).
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ใใใใงใใใใใงใใ
10. Say "I get up, eat breakfast and go to school" using te-forms.
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ใใใฆใใใใใฏใใ ใในใฆใใใฃใใใธ ใใใพใใ