The Te-Form

Japanese Grammar 2

Course 2 ยท Chapter 2 ยท The Te-Form

๐Ÿ”— The Te-Form โ€” ใฆ-ใ‘ใ„

The te-form is the most useful verb form in Japanese. It does not mean anything by itself: it is a connector that other grammar attaches to. Requests, "is doing", permission, sequences and many more patterns (Chapters 3 and 4) all sit on top of it. This chapter is only about forming it, so that the next two chapters can concentrate on using it.

The rule in one box Group 2: drop ใ‚‹, add ใฆ. Group 3: ใ—ใฆ, ใใฆ. Group 1: change the ending: ใ†ใƒปใคใƒปใ‚‹ โ†’ ใฃใฆ; ใฌใƒปใถใƒปใ‚€ โ†’ ใ‚“ใง; ใ โ†’ ใ„ใฆ; ใ โ†’ ใ„ใง; ใ™ โ†’ ใ—ใฆ. One exception: ใ„ใ โ†’ ใ„ใฃใฆ.

1. Group 2 and Group 3: easy

GroupDictionary formTe-formMeaning
2 (้ฃŸในใ‚‹)
tabete
to eat
2 (่ฆ‹ใ‚‹)
mite
to see
2 (่ตทใใ‚‹)to get up
2 (ๅฏใ‚‹)to sleep
3
shite
to do
3 (ๆฅใ‚‹)
kite
to come
3 (ๅ‹‰ๅผทใ™ใ‚‹)to study

2. Group 1: five endings, four sound changes

EndingChangeExampleTe-form
ใ†, ใค, ใ‚‹โ†’ ใฃใฆ
(small ใฃ)
(่ฒทใ†) katte
(ๅพ…ใค) matte
(ไน—ใ‚‹) notte
ใฌ, ใถ, ใ‚€โ†’ ใ‚“ใง (ๆญปใฌ) shinde
(้Šใถ) asonde
(้ฃฒใ‚€) nonde
ใโ†’ ใ„ใฆ (ๆ›ธใ) kaite
ใโ†’ ใ„ใง (ๆณณใ) oyoide
ใ™โ†’ ใ—ใฆ (่ฉฑใ™) hanashite
A voicing logic to remember Notice that ใฆ becomes ใง exactly after the sounds ใ‚“ and ใ„ that come from ใฌใƒปใถใƒปใ‚€ and ใ. These are the voiced endings, and the voicing carries over to ใฆ โ†’ ใง. The unvoiced endings (ใ, ใ™, ใค, ใ†, ใ‚‹) keep ใฆ. So if you hear ใ€œใ‚“ใง or ใ€œใ„ใง, the dictionary form ended in a voiced sound.

3. The exception: ใ„ใ

(่กŒใ, to go) is the only common verb that breaks the pattern. By the rule it should be ใ„ใ„ใฆ, but it is itte. The same applies to verbs built on it: (้€ฃใ‚Œใฆ่กŒใ) โ†’ ; (ๆŒใฃใฆ่กŒใ) โ†’ .

Watch out: ใ„ใ and ใ‚†ใ The old spelling ใ‚†ใ follows the regular pattern (ใ‚†ใ„ใฆ), but only in set expressions and writing. In everyday speech, always use ใ„ใฃใฆ. Do not confuse it with (่จ€ใ†, to say), whose te-form is the regular too: ่กŒใฃใฆ (go) and ่จ€ใฃใฆ (say) sound identical, and context tells them apart.

4. Putting the groups together

Dictionary formGroupRule appliedTe-form
(ๆ€ฅใ) to hurry1ใ โ†’ ใ„ใง
(ๅ‘ผใถ) to call1ใถ โ†’ ใ‚“ใง
(่ชญใ‚€) to read1ใ‚€ โ†’ ใ‚“ใง
to exist (things)1ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใฃใฆ
(ๅธฐใ‚‹) to return1ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใฃใฆ
(ๅค‰ใˆใ‚‹) to change2drop ใ‚‹ + ใฆ
(ๅ…ฅใ‚‹) to enter1ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใฃใฆ
(็€ใ‚‹) to wear2drop ใ‚‹ + ใฆ
(ๅˆ‡ใ‚‹) to cut1ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใฃใฆ

Remember Chapter 1: the "false ru-verbs" (ใ‹ใˆใ‚‹, ใฏใ„ใ‚‹, ใใ‚‹ in the cutting sense) must be recognised as Group 1 first, and only then can you form the te-form correctly. A mistake in the group gives ใฏใ„ใฆ instead of ใฏใ„ใฃใฆ, which is a different verb altogether ( "to wear below the waist": ใฏใ„ใฆ).

5. Te-forms of adjectives and ใงใ™

The same connecting job is done for adjectives and nouns, with simpler forms:

TypeRuleExample
ใ„-adjectivedrop ใ„, add ใใฆ โ†’ (big andโ€ฆ)
โ†’
ใช-adjectiveadd ใง โ†’ (quiet andโ€ฆ)
Noun + ใงใ™noun + ใง โ†’ (is a teacher andโ€ฆ)

Example: ("This room is spacious and quiet.") The ใ„ใ„ exception (ใ‚ˆใใฆ) is the same as for ใ‚ˆใใชใ„, ใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸ in Japanese Grammar 1.

6. The te-form as a building block

You will meet these in the next chapters. For now, just see how many patterns grow from one form:

PatternMeaningExample
ใ€œใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„please do
ใ€œใฆ ใ„ใพใ™is doing; state
ใ€œใฆ ใ‚‚ ใ„ใ„ใงใ™may
ใ€œใฆใ€ใ€œใฆใ€ใ€œใพใ™and then (a sequence)
ใ€œใฆ ใฟใ‚‹ / ใŠใ / ใ—ใพใ†try / do in advance / finish (and regret)Chapter 4
Tense and politeness live at the end The te-form has no tense and no politeness level. ใŸในใฆ is the same in a formal letter and a chat with a friend. Tense and politeness are decided by the verb at the end of the sentence: ใŸในใฆใ€ใ„ใใพใ™ (polite present) or ใŸในใฆใ€ใ„ใฃใŸ (plain past).

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ In Use โ€” ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

Te-forms in short exchanges. The patterns themselves are explained in Chapter 3.

โ‘  Asking someone to wait

A: Sumimasen, chotto matte kudasai. Excuse me, please wait a moment.
B: Hai, koko de matte imasu. Yes, I'll be waiting here.

โ‘ก Morning routine

A: Asa nani o shimasu ka. What do you do in the morning?
B: Okite, kao o aratte, asagohan o tabemasu. I get up, wash my face, and have breakfast.

โ‘ข Describing a house

A: Obฤsan no uchi wa dล desu ka. What is your grandmother's house like?
B: Furukute, shizuka de, totemo suteki desu. It's old, quiet and very lovely.

๐Ÿ“‹ Quick Reference

EndingTe-formExample
Group 2: ใ€œใ‚‹drop ใ‚‹ + ใฆใŸในใ‚‹ โ†’ ใŸในใฆ
ใ™ใ‚‹ / ใใ‚‹ใ—ใฆ / ใใฆ
ใ†, ใค, ใ‚‹ (Group 1)ใ€œใฃใฆใ‹ใ† โ†’ ใ‹ใฃใฆ
ใฌ, ใถ, ใ‚€ใ€œใ‚“ใงใฎใ‚€ โ†’ ใฎใ‚“ใง
ใใ€œใ„ใฆใ‹ใ โ†’ ใ‹ใ„ใฆ
ใใ€œใ„ใงใŠใ‚ˆใ โ†’ ใŠใ‚ˆใ„ใง
ใ™ใ€œใ—ใฆใฏใชใ™ โ†’ ใฏใชใ—ใฆ
Exceptionใ„ใ โ†’ ใ„ใฃใฆ
ใ„-adj / ใช-adj / nounใ€œใใฆ / ใ€œใง / ใ€œใงใŠใŠใใใฆ, ใ—ใšใ‹ใง, ใ›ใ‚“ใ›ใ„ใง

โœ๏ธ Practice โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Te-form of .

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2. Te-form of and of .

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; (the exception).

3. Te-form of , and .

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4. Te-form of , and .

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5. Te-form of and .

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; .

6. Te-form of , and .

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7. (to return) and (to enter): te-forms? Why?

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: both are false ru-verbs, so they are Group 1 (ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใฃใฆ).

8. Connect "big" and "new": .

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(e.g. )

9. Connect "quiet" and "clean": (both ใช-adjectives).

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10. Say "I get up, eat breakfast and go to school" using te-forms.

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Coming up in Chapter 3: Uses of the Te-Form I. Requests with ใ€œใฆใใ ใ•ใ„, ใ€œใฆใ„ใพใ™ for actions in progress and states, permission with ใ€œใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใงใ™, ใ€œใฆใ‹ใ‚‰, and sequences of actions.