Wants, Invitations & Requests
Japanese Grammar 1
Chapter 11 ยท Wants, Invitations & Requests
๐ Wants, Invitations and Requests โ ใฎใใฟใปใใใใปใใญใใ
Now you can build full sentences, so it is time to use them to do things with people: say what you want, invite someone, ask for something and say yes or no politely. Everything in this chapter uses the ใพใ-stem from Chapter 8 (the ใพใ-form without ใพใ): ใฎใฟใพใ โ ใฎใฟ-. You will meet ใใใใงใ (want to), ใปใใใงใ (want a thing), ใใพใใใ and ใใพใใใ (let's), ใใใ ใใ (please give me) and a first, frozen form of ใใฆใใ ใใ (please do).
1. ใใใใงใ: wanting to do
Take the ใพใ-stem and add ใใใใงใ: "I want to ...".
| Verb | ใพใ-form | Stem + ใใใงใ | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| to go | ใใใพใ | ใใใใใงใ ikitai desu | I want to go. |
| to eat | ใในใพใ | ใในใใใงใ tabetai desu | I want to eat. |
| to drink | ใฎใฟใพใ | ใฎใฟใใใงใ nomitai desu | I want to drink. |
| to do | ใใพใ | ใใใใงใ shitai desu | I want to do. |
| to come | ใใพใ | ใใใใงใ | I want to come. |
In a sentence the object can take either ใ or ใ: ใฟใใ ใฎใฟใใใงใใ / ใฟใใ ใฎใฟใใใงใใ mizu o / ga nomitai desu ("I want to drink water"). Other particles stay as they are: ใซใปใใธ ใใใใใงใใ ("I want to go to Japan").
ใใใ behaves like an ใ-adjective
| Positive | Negative | Past | Past negative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| want to eat | ใในใใใงใ | ใในใใใชใใงใ | ใในใใใฃใใงใ | ใในใใใชใใฃใใงใ |
2. ใปใใใงใ: wanting a thing
ใปใใ is an ใ-adjective meaning "want (a thing)". The thing wanted takes ใ: ใใใใฏ ใใใพใ ใปใใใงใใ watashi wa kuruma ga hoshii desu ("I want a car"). It conjugates like any ใ-adjective: ใปใใใชใใงใ, ใปใใใฃใใงใ.
| Want a thing | Want to do something |
|---|---|
| ใใใใใ ใใฐใใ ใปใใใงใใ I want a new bag. | ใใใใใ ใใฐใใ ใใใใใงใใ I want to buy a new bag. |
ใปใใ cannot follow a verb: for "want to do", always use ใใใ.
3. Inviting: ใใพใใใ and ใใพใใใ
| Form | Use | Example | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| ใใพใใใ | invitation, softly: "Wouldn't you like to โฆ?" | ใใฃใใใซ ใใใใ ใฟใพใใใใ issho ni eiga o mimasen ka | Would you like to see a film with me? |
| ใใพใใใ | suggestion or acceptance: "Let's โฆ" | ใใใพใใใใ ikimashล | Let's go. |
| ใใพใใใใ | "Shall we โฆ?" or "Shall I โฆ?" (offering) | ใงใใใใง ใใใพใใใใใ ใฆใคใ ใใพใใใใใ | Shall we go by train? Shall I help you? |
A typical invitation sequence: ใพใใใ to ask, ใพใใใ to accept or settle the plan.
| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| A: ใใใฐใ ใใฃใใใซ ใใฏใใ ใในใพใใใใ | A: Would you like to have dinner together tonight? |
| B: ใใใงใใญใใชใซใ ใในใพใใใใใ | B: That sounds good. What shall we eat? |
| A: ใฉใผใกใณใฏ ใฉใใงใใใ | A: How about ramen? |
| B: ใใใใฉใผใกใณใ ใในใพใใใใ | B: Yes, let's have ramen. |
4. Asking for things: ใใใ ใใ
| Pattern | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| noun + ใ ใใ ใใ | ใณใผใใผใ ใใ ใใใ kลhฤซ o kudasai | Coffee, please. |
| noun + quantity + ใใ ใใ | ใใใใ ใฟใฃใค ใใ ใใใ | Three apples, please. |
| noun + ใ ใใญใใใใพใ | ใใฟใใ ใใญใใใใพใใ omizu o onegai shimasu | Water, please. (a little more polite) |
| more of something | ใใ ใใใ ใใ ใใใ | A little more, please. |
5. ใใฆใใ ใใ: a first, frozen form
To ask someone to do something ("please wait, please tell me"), Japanese uses the te-form of the verb plus ใใ ใใ. You will learn how to build the te-form in Japanese Grammar 2. For now, learn these requests as set phrases:
| Japanese | Say it | English |
|---|---|---|
| ใกใใฃใจ ใพใฃใฆ ใใ ใใใ | chotto matte kudasai | Please wait a moment. |
| ใฟใใฆ ใใ ใใใ | misete kudasai | Please show me. |
| ใใใใฆ ใใ ใใใ | oshiete kudasai | Please tell / teach me. |
| ใใใซ ใใใฆ ใใ ใใใ | koko ni kaite kudasai | Please write here. |
| ใใฃใใ ใฏใชใใฆ ใใ ใใใ | yukkuri hanashite kudasai | Please speak slowly. |
| ใใใใกใฉ ใใฃใฆ ใใ ใใใ | mล ichido itte kudasai | Please say it once more. |
6. Accepting and declining politely
A flat "no" is rare in Japanese. People decline by apologising, giving a hint of a reason and often leaving the sentence unfinished.
| Japanese | Say it | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Accepting | ใใใงใใญใใใใพใใใใ | ii desu ne. ikimashล | That sounds good. Let's go. |
| ใฏใใใใฒใ | hai, zehi | Yes, by all means. | |
| ใฏใใใใใใใงใ | hai, yorokonde | Yes, gladly. | |
| Declining | ใใฟใพใใใใใใใฏ ใกใใฃใจโฆใ | sumimasen, kyล wa chotto... | I'm sorry, today is a bit (difficult)... |
| ใใใญใใงใใใใใใใฏ ใใใใใใงใใ | zannen desu ga, ashita wa isogashii desu | It's a pity, but tomorrow I'm busy. | |
| ใพใ ใใใฉ ใใญใใใใพใใ | mata kondo onegai shimasu | Please ask me again another time. |
๐ฃ๏ธ In Use โ ใคใใใใ
Wants, invitations and requests in real exchanges. Read each aloud.
โ An invitation
โก In a cafรฉ
โข Politely saying no
๐ Quick Reference
| Idea | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Want to do | stem + ใใใงใ | ใใใใใงใใ |
| Don't want to | stem + ใใใชใใงใ | ใใใใใชใใงใใ |
| Want a thing | noun + ใ ใปใใใงใ | ใใใพใ ใปใใใงใใ |
| Invite | stem + ใพใใใ | ใใใพใใใใ |
| Let's / accept | stem + ใพใใใ | ใใใพใใใใ |
| Please give me | noun + ใ ใใ ใใ | ใฟใใ ใใ ใใใ |
| Please do (set phrase) | ใใฆ ใใ ใใ | ใพใฃใฆ ใใ ใใใ |
| Decline softly | ใใฟใพใใใใใฏ ใกใใฃใจโฆ | ใใใใฏ ใกใใฃใจโฆ |
โ๏ธ Practice โ ใใใใ ใ
Try each one, then click to check.
1. Make "I want to drink": ใฎใฟใพใ โ
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ใฎใฟใใใงใใ
2. Say "I don't want to go."
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ใใใใใชใใงใใ
3. Say "I wanted to eat sushi."
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ใใใ ใในใใใฃใใงใใ (or ใใใ ใในใใใฃใใงใใ)
4. Say "I want a car." Why does the thing wanted take ใ?
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ใใใพใ ใปใใใงใใ ใปใใ describes a feeling of the speaker, like ใใ (Chapter 5), so the thing takes ใ.
5. Invite someone: "Would you like to see a film with me?"
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ใใฃใใใซ ใใใใ ใฟใพใใใใ
6. Accept the invitation in question 5.
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ใใใงใใญใใฟใพใใใใ (or ใฏใใใใฒใ)
7. Offer to help: "Shall I help you?"
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ใฆใคใ ใใพใใใใใ
8. Say "Please wait a moment."
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ใกใใฃใจ ใพใฃใฆ ใใ ใใใ
9. Order "Two coffees, please."
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ใณใผใใผใ ใตใใค ใใ ใใใ
10. Politely decline an invitation for tomorrow without saying "no".
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ใใฟใพใใใใใใใฏ ใกใใฃใจโฆใใพใ ใใใฉ ใใญใใใใพใใ