Wants, Invitations & Requests

Japanese Grammar 1

Chapter 11 ยท Wants, Invitations & Requests

๐Ÿ™‹ Wants, Invitations and Requests โ€” ใฎใžใฟใƒปใ•ใใ„ใƒปใŠใญใŒใ„

Now you can build full sentences, so it is time to use them to do things with people: say what you want, invite someone, ask for something and say yes or no politely. Everything in this chapter uses the ใพใ™-stem from Chapter 8 (the ใพใ™-form without ใพใ™): ใฎใฟใพใ™ โ†’ ใฎใฟ-. You will meet ใ€œใŸใ„ใงใ™ (want to), ใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ (want a thing), ใ€œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ and ใ€œใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† (let's), ใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„ (please give me) and a first, frozen form of ใ€œใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ (please do).

The rule in one box With the ใพใ™-stem: + ใŸใ„ใงใ™ = I want to; + ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ = won't you โ€ฆ? (invitation); + ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† = let's โ€ฆ. With a noun: noun + ใŒ ใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™ = I want it; noun + ใ‚’ ใใ ใ•ใ„ = please give me it. A request to do something is ใ€œใฆใใ ใ•ใ„, which you can use now as a set phrase.

1. ใ€œใŸใ„ใงใ™: wanting to do

Take the ใพใ™-stem and add ใ€œใŸใ„ใงใ™: "I want to ...".

Verbใพใ™-formStem + ใŸใ„ใงใ™English
to go
ikitai desu
I want to go.
to eat
tabetai desu
I want to eat.
to drink
nomitai desu
I want to drink.
to do
shitai desu
I want to do.
to comeI want to come.

In a sentence the object can take either ใ‚’ or ใŒ: mizu o / ga nomitai desu ("I want to drink water"). Other particles stay as they are: ("I want to go to Japan").

ใ€œใŸใ„ behaves like an ใ„-adjective

PositiveNegativePastPast negative
want to eat
Watch out: ใ€œใŸใ„ talks about your own wants In a statement, ใ€œใŸใ„ใงใ™ describes your own wish; to say what someone else wants, Japanese uses a different form (ใ€œใŸใŒใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™, Japanese Grammar 2). Asking ใชใซใ‚’ ใŸในใŸใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ ("What do you want to eat?") is fine between friends, but with a customer or a superior it sounds too direct: use ใ€œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ or ใ„ใ‹ใŒใงใ™ใ‹ instead.

2. ใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™: wanting a thing

ใปใ—ใ„ is an ใ„-adjective meaning "want (a thing)". The thing wanted takes ใŒ: watashi wa kuruma ga hoshii desu ("I want a car"). It conjugates like any ใ„-adjective: ใปใ—ใใชใ„ใงใ™, ใปใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใงใ™.

Want a thingWant to do something

I want a new bag.

I want to buy a new bag.

ใปใ—ใ„ cannot follow a verb: for "want to do", always use ใ€œใŸใ„.

3. Inviting: ใ€œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ and ใ€œใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†

FormUseExampleEnglish
ใ€œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹invitation, softly: "Wouldn't you like to โ€ฆ?"
issho ni eiga o mimasen ka
Would you like to see a film with me?
ใ€œใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†suggestion or acceptance: "Let's โ€ฆ"
ikimashล
Let's go.
ใ€œใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹"Shall we โ€ฆ?" or "Shall I โ€ฆ?" (offering)
Shall we go by train?
Shall I help you?

A typical invitation sequence: ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ to ask, ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† to accept or settle the plan.

JapaneseEnglish
A: Would you like to have dinner together tonight?
B: That sounds good. What shall we eat?
A: How about ramen?
B: Yes, let's have ramen.
Watch out: ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ is a question, ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† is not ใ€œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ really asks (Will you โ€ฆ ?) and leaves the other person free to decline, which makes it the polite choice for a first invitation. ใ€œใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† proposes and assumes agreement, and it is also the natural reply: ใ„ใใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ โ†’ ใˆใˆใ€ใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†.

4. Asking for things: ใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„

PatternExampleEnglish
noun + ใ‚’ ใใ ใ•ใ„
kลhฤซ o kudasai
Coffee, please.
noun + quantity + ใใ ใ•ใ„Three apples, please.
noun + ใ‚’ ใŠใญใŒใ„ใ—ใพใ™
omizu o onegai shimasu
Water, please. (a little more polite)
more of somethingA little more, please.

5. ใ€œใฆใใ ใ•ใ„: a first, frozen form

To ask someone to do something ("please wait, please tell me"), Japanese uses the te-form of the verb plus ใใ ใ•ใ„. You will learn how to build the te-form in Japanese Grammar 2. For now, learn these requests as set phrases:

JapaneseSay itEnglish
chotto matte kudasaiPlease wait a moment.
misete kudasaiPlease show me.
oshiete kudasaiPlease tell / teach me.
koko ni kaite kudasaiPlease write here.
yukkuri hanashite kudasaiPlease speak slowly.
mล ichido itte kudasaiPlease say it once more.
Soften a request A bare ใ€œใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ is polite but firm, like an instruction. Add ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ in front, or ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ inside, to soften it: ใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ ใพใฃใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„. ใ€œใ‚’ใŠใญใŒใ„ใ—ใพใ™ is softer still for requests for things.

6. Accepting and declining politely

A flat "no" is rare in Japanese. People decline by apologising, giving a hint of a reason and often leaving the sentence unfinished.

JapaneseSay itEnglish
Acceptingii desu ne. ikimashลThat sounds good. Let's go.
hai, zehiYes, by all means.
hai, yorokondeYes, gladly.
Decliningsumimasen, kyล wa chotto...I'm sorry, today is a bit (difficult)...
zannen desu ga, ashita wa isogashii desuIt's a pity, but tomorrow I'm busy.
mata kondo onegai shimasuPlease ask me again another time.
Watch out: ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ can mean yes or no ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใญ means "that's good". But ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ on its own to an offer (ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ’ใƒผใฏ ใ„ใ‹ใŒใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚โ€” ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚) can mean "No, thank you, I'm fine". To refuse clearly and politely, say ใ‘ใฃใ“ใ†ใงใ™ or ใ ใ„ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใถใงใ™; to accept, say ใŠใญใŒใ„ใ—ใพใ™ or ใฏใ„ใ€ใœใฒ.

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ In Use โ€” ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

Wants, invitations and requests in real exchanges. Read each aloud.

โ‘  An invitation

A: Doyลbi ni issho ni eiga o mimasen ka. Would you like to see a film together on Saturday?
B: Ii desu ne. Nani o mitai desu ka. That sounds good. What would you like to see?
A: Nihon no eiga o mitai desu. I'd like to see a Japanese film.

โ‘ก In a cafรฉ

A: Sumimasen. Kลhฤซ o futatsu kudasai. Excuse me. Two coffees, please.
B: Hai. Hoka ni nanika arimasu ka. Certainly. Anything else?
A: Omizu mo onegai shimasu. Water as well, please.

โ‘ข Politely saying no

A: Ashita issho ni nomi ni ikimasen ka. Would you like to go for a drink together tomorrow?
B: Sumimasen, ashita wa chotto... Mata kondo onegai shimasu. I'm sorry, tomorrow is a bit difficult. Please ask me another time.

๐Ÿ“‹ Quick Reference

IdeaPatternExample
Want to dostem + ใŸใ„ใงใ™
Don't want tostem + ใŸใใชใ„ใงใ™
Want a thingnoun + ใŒ ใปใ—ใ„ใงใ™
Invitestem + ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹
Let's / acceptstem + ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
Please give menoun + ใ‚’ ใใ ใ•ใ„
Please do (set phrase)ใ€œใฆ ใใ ใ•ใ„
Decline softlyใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ใ€œใฏ ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจโ€ฆ

โœ๏ธ Practice โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Make "I want to drink": โ†’

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2. Say "I don't want to go."

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3. Say "I wanted to eat sushi."

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(or )

4. Say "I want a car." Why does the thing wanted take ใŒ?

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ใปใ—ใ„ describes a feeling of the speaker, like ใ™ใ (Chapter 5), so the thing takes ใŒ.

5. Invite someone: "Would you like to see a film with me?"

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6. Accept the invitation in question 5.

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(or )

7. Offer to help: "Shall I help you?"

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8. Say "Please wait a moment."

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9. Order "Two coffees, please."

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10. Politely decline an invitation for tomorrow without saying "no".

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Coming up in Chapter 12: Putting It Together. One sentence built step by step, a decision procedure (topic, particle, verb form), an error-spotting clinic, the Course Complete recap and a pointer to Japanese Grammar 2.