Questions

Japanese Grammar 1

Chapter 10 · Questions and Question Words

❓ Questions and Question Words — しつもん

Asking questions in Japanese is simpler than in English: there is no change of word order and no helper verb like "do". You add か to the end of a sentence, and for "who, what, where, when" you put a question word in the place where the answer would go. This chapter gives you all the question words, shows how the same word becomes "somebody / something / somewhere", how to ask questions inside a sentence (I don't know where it is) and how to answer, including the tricky answer to a negative question.

The rule in one box Statement + か = question. A question word takes the place of the answer, with its own particle (だれが, なにを, どこへ, いつ), and the sentence ends in か. Answer by replacing the question word with the information and keeping the rest: どこへ いきますか → とうきょうへ いきます.

1. Yes / no questions

StatementQuestion

kōhī o nomimasu

kōhī o nomimasu ka

The answer is (yes) or (no), followed by the verb or adjective: / In writing, a question mark is optional; the full stop 。 is the usual ending.

2. The question words

Question wordMeaningExample
dare
(polite: donata)
who Who came?
nani / nanwhat What will you eat?
itsuwhen When will you go?
dokowhere Where do you study?
dōhow (is it?) How is Japan?
donna + nounwhat kind of What kind of films do you like?
ikurahow much (price) How much is this?
ikutsuhow many (things); how old How many apples will you buy?
dochirawhich of two; where (polite) Which do you prefer?
dore / donowhich one / which ... Which bag is yours?
naze / dōshitewhy Why didn't you go?
what time · how many people · how old · which month What time do you get up?
Watch out: なに or なん? The word for "what" has two forms. なん comes before です, だ, の, before a counter (なんじ, なんにん, なんさい, なんがつ) and before the sounds t, d, n: それは なんですか, なんの ほんですか. Elsewhere, especially before を, が, も, か, use なに: なにを たべますか, なにが ありますか. When in doubt, say it aloud: you will hear which sounds natural.

3. Word order and particles

The question word sits where the answer would sit, with the same particle. Nothing else changes.

StatementQuestion
(by what means)

Two details: いつ never takes に (いつ いきますか), and a question word as subject takes が, never は (Chapter 5).

どちら: which of two

For choosing between two items, use A と B と どちらが ... ですか, answered with 〜のほうが (Chapter 6):

QuestionAnswer

kōhī to ocha to dochira ga suki desu ka
Which do you like better, coffee or tea?

kōhī no hō ga suki desu
I like coffee better.

4. The same words as "some-" and "no-"

Add か to a question word and it means "some-" in a sentence; add も with a negative verb and it means "no-" (Chapter 6).

Question word+ か (some-)+ も … negative (no-)
who somebody nobody
what something nothing
where somewhere nowhere
when some day always (with a positive verb)
JapaneseSay itEnglish
nanika tabemasu kaWill you eat something?
dareka imasu kaIs anyone there?
dokoka e ikimashita kaDid you go anywhere?

5. Questions inside a sentence

To say "I don't know where it is" or "please tell me when it starts", place the question inside the sentence, before か, and add the main verb: わかりません (don't know), しりません (don't know), おしえて ください (please tell me).

JapaneseSay itEnglish
eki ga doko ni aru ka wakarimasenI don't know where the station is.
dare ga kuru ka shirimasenI don't know who is coming.
itsu iku ka oshiete kudasaiPlease tell me when you are going.
kare ga dare ka wakarimasenI don't know who he is.

Inside the sentence, the verb is in its dictionary form (ある, くる, いく), not the ます-form, and a noun or na-adjective simply stands before か with no だ. The full rules for these plain forms come in Japanese Grammar 2 and 3; for now, copy the pattern: question word + dictionary form + か + わかりません.

6. Answering

Question typeAnswer by …Example
Yes / noはい / いいえ + the verb
Question wordreplace it with the answer, keep the particle
Why?reason + から / からです
(Because it rained.)
Watch out: answering a negative question A negative question such as さかなを たべませんか。 ("Don't you eat fish?") is answered according to whether the statement is true, not according to whether the answer is yes or no in English. If you really don't eat fish, say はい、たべません ("Yes, [that's right,] I don't"). If you do eat it, say いいえ、たべます ("No, [that's not so,] I eat it"). はい means "what you said is right", and いいえ means "it is not".
Polite question words In shops and offices you will hear the polite forms: どなた (who), どちら (where, which), おいくつ (how old). A good model is どちらさまですか ("who is it?", at a door or on the phone) and おいくつですか ("how old are you?", politely).

🗣️ In Use — つかいかた

Questions and answers in real exchanges. Read each aloud.

① Getting to know you

A: Onamae wa nan desu ka. What is your name?
B: Firippu desu. Edinbara kara kimashita. I'm Philip. I came from Edinburgh.
A: Oshigoto wa nan desu ka. What do you do for work?

② Shopping

A: Kono kaban wa ikura desu ka. How much is this bag?
B: Nisen gohyaku-en desu. It's 2,500 yen.

③ Choosing

A: Kōhī to ocha to dochira ga suki desu ka. Which do you like better, coffee or tea?
B: Kōhī no hō ga suki desu. I like coffee better.

📋 Quick Reference

IdeaPatternExample
Yes / no questionstatement + か
Question wordword + its particle + … か
whatなん before です, の, counters, t/d/n; なに elsewhere
Which of twoAとBとどちらが … → 〜のほうが
some- / no-か / も + negative
Indirectquestion word + dictionary form + か + わかりません
Why?どうして → … から

✍️ Practice — れんしゅう

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Choose なに or なん: and

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なん (before です) and なに (before を).

2. Ask "Who came?"

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3. Ask "How much is this?"

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4. Ask "Where are you going tomorrow?"

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5. Ask "Which do you like better, coffee or tea?" and answer "Coffee."

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/

6. Ask "What time do you get up?" and "How old are you?" (polite)

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and

7. Say "I don't know where the station is."

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8. Say "I ate something" and "I ate nothing".

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and

9. Someone asks and you do not eat fish. How do you answer?

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はい confirms the negative statement.

10. Answer with "Because it rained."

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Coming up in Chapter 11: Wants, Invitations and Requests. 〜たいです (want to), 〜ませんか / 〜ましょう (shall we?), 〜をください, 〜てください as a set phrase, ほしいです, and how to accept or decline politely.