Putting It Together

Japanese Grammar 1

Chapter 12 ยท Putting It Together

๐Ÿงฉ Putting It Together โ€” ใพใจใ‚

You now have every piece of a basic Japanese sentence: topic, particles, polite verbs, adjectives, questions, wants and invitations. This last chapter shows how the pieces fit, gives you a short checklist for building any sentence, and trains your eye for the mistakes learners make most.

The rule in one box Japanese sentences are built around the verb, which comes last. Everything before it is a noun + particle block, and the blocks can come in almost any order. Decide: 1) the topic (ใฏ), 2) each role (ใŒ, ใ‚’, ใซ, ใง, ใธ โ€ฆ), 3) the verb or adjective form at the end.

1. One sentence, built step by step

English: "Yesterday I went to the library by train with my friend." Build it one block at a time.

StepAddResult
1. The verb, last, polite pastwent โ†’ ใ„ใใพใ—ใŸ
2. The destination (ใซ / ใธ)to the library
toshokan e ikimashita
3. The means (ใง)by train
4. The companion (ใจ)with my friend
5. The timeyesterday
6. The topic (ใฏ)as for me
watashi wa kinล tomodachi to densha de toshokan e ikimashita
Watch out: the topic is usually dropped In real conversation ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฏ is left out whenever it is obvious who is speaking: ใใฎใ† ใจใ‚‚ใ ใกใจ ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒใง ใจใ—ใ‚‡ใ‹ใ‚“ใธ ใ„ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ is the natural sentence. The verb is the one block you can never leave out.

2. A decision procedure

Ask yourselfIf yesChapter
What am I talking about?mark it with ใฏ4
Who or what does the action?ใŒ (new information, or after question words)5
What receives the action?ใ‚’5
Where to, or at what time?ใซ (ใธ for direction)5
Where does the action happen, or by what means?ใง5
With whom, and what else, from where, until when?ใจ, ใ‚„, ใ‹ใ‚‰, ใพใง, ใ‚ˆใ‚Š, ใ‚‚6
Is the predicate a verb?polite ใ€œใพใ™ forms (positive, negative, past)8
Is it a description?ใ„-adjective or ใช-adjective, then ใงใ™9
Is it a question?add ใ‹; use a question word in the slot being asked10
Do I want, invite or request?ใ€œใŸใ„ใงใ™, ใ€œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹, ใ€œใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†, ใ‚’ใใ ใ•ใ„11

3. Error-spotting clinic

Each sentence below has one error. Find it, then check the correction.

WrongWhyRight
The verb must come last.
(meaning "I drink water")ใฏ makes water the topic and implies a contrast; the object of a plain statement takes ใ‚’.
A destination takes ใซ or ใธ, not ใ‚’.
The place where an action happens takes ใง.
An ใ„-adjective drops ใ„ and adds ใใชใ„.
ใ—ใšใ‹ is a ใช-adjective; it takes ใงใ™ directly.
The tense must match the time word.
and the answer Not an error: ใŸใ„ allows ใ‚’ or ใŒ. Don't "fix" it.
(as an invitation to a stranger)For a first invitation ใ€œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ is softer than ใ€œใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†.

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ In Use โ€” ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

The whole course in three short exchanges. Spot the particles and verb forms as you read.

โ‘  Meeting

A: Hajimemashite. Watashi wa Ema desu. Igirisu kara kimashita. Nice to meet you. I'm Emma. I came from Britain.
B: Sล desu ka. Nihon wa hajimete desu ka. Is that so? Is Japan new to you?

โ‘ก Plans

A: Ashita wa nani o shimasu ka. What will you do tomorrow?
B: Tomodachi to resutoran de hirugohan o tabemasu. Issho ni ikimasen ka. I'll have lunch with a friend at a restaurant. Would you like to come along?
A: Ii desu ne. Zehi ikitai desu. That sounds good. I'd love to go.

โ‘ข Describing

A: Kono machi wa dล desu ka. How is this town?
B: Shizuka de kirei na machi desu. Demo, mono wa sukoshi takai desu. It's a quiet, pretty town. But things are a little expensive.

๐ŸŽ“ Course Complete โ€” Recap

ChaptersWhat you can now do
1-3See how a Japanese sentence works; read the sounds and writing system; use nouns, numbers and counters.
4-6Use ใฏ and ใงใ™; choose from the core particles (ใŒ, ใ‚’, ใซ, ใง, ใธ, ใจ, ใ‚„, ใ‹ใ‚‰, ใพใง, ใ‚ˆใ‚Š, ใ‚‚).
7Point and ask where with ใ“ใ‚Œ, ใใ‚Œ, ใ‚ใ‚Œ, ใ“ใ“ and friends.
8-9Use polite verbs in the present, negative and past; describe with ใ„- and ใช-adjectives.
10-11Ask questions; say what you want; invite, request, accept and decline politely.
12Build sentences with a checklist and spot common errors.

โœ๏ธ Practice โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Build: "I eat bread at home." (topic, place, object, verb)

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2. Build: "Yesterday I didn't go to school."

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3. Correct:

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(destination: ใธ or ใซ)

4. Correct:

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5. Correct: (famous)

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(ใ‚†ใ†ใ‚ใ„ is a ใช-adjective)

6. Ask: "Who came?" (Which particle follows the question word?)

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(ใŒ follows a question word as subject)

7. Say: "I want to go to Japan."

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8. Invite: "Shall we eat together?"

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(or )

9. Describe: "It is a quiet town." (ใช-adjective + noun)

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10. Build a three-block sentence of your own about yesterday, using one time word, one particle block and a past polite verb.

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Any answer of the form time + noun + particle + verb-ใพใ—ใŸ, for example ("Yesterday I read a book.")

Next: Japanese Grammar 2. The te-form (behind ใ€œใฆใใ ใ•ใ„), the plain form, ใ€œใฆใ„ใ‚‹, ใ€œใŸใŒใ‚‹ and more, building on everything here. Congratulations on finishing Japanese Grammar 1! ๐ŸŽ‰