Putting It Together
Japanese Grammar 1
Chapter 12 ยท Putting It Together
๐งฉ Putting It Together โ ใพใจใ
You now have every piece of a basic Japanese sentence: topic, particles, polite verbs, adjectives, questions, wants and invitations. This last chapter shows how the pieces fit, gives you a short checklist for building any sentence, and trains your eye for the mistakes learners make most.
1. One sentence, built step by step
English: "Yesterday I went to the library by train with my friend." Build it one block at a time.
| Step | Add | Result |
|---|---|---|
| 1. The verb, last, polite past | went โ ใใใพใใ | ใใใพใใใ |
| 2. The destination (ใซ / ใธ) | to the library | ใจใใใใใธ ใใใพใใใ toshokan e ikimashita |
| 3. The means (ใง) | by train | ใงใใใใง ใจใใใใใธ ใใใพใใใ |
| 4. The companion (ใจ) | with my friend | ใจใใ ใกใจ ใงใใใใง ใจใใใใใธ ใใใพใใใ |
| 5. The time | yesterday | ใใฎใ ใจใใ ใกใจ ใงใใใใง ใจใใใใใธ ใใใพใใใ |
| 6. The topic (ใฏ) | as for me | ใใใใฏ ใใฎใ ใจใใ ใกใจ ใงใใใใง ใจใใใใใธ ใใใพใใใ watashi wa kinล tomodachi to densha de toshokan e ikimashita |
2. A decision procedure
| Ask yourself | If yes | Chapter |
|---|---|---|
| What am I talking about? | mark it with ใฏ | 4 |
| Who or what does the action? | ใ (new information, or after question words) | 5 |
| What receives the action? | ใ | 5 |
| Where to, or at what time? | ใซ (ใธ for direction) | 5 |
| Where does the action happen, or by what means? | ใง | 5 |
| With whom, and what else, from where, until when? | ใจ, ใ, ใใ, ใพใง, ใใ, ใ | 6 |
| Is the predicate a verb? | polite ใใพใ forms (positive, negative, past) | 8 |
| Is it a description? | ใ-adjective or ใช-adjective, then ใงใ | 9 |
| Is it a question? | add ใ; use a question word in the slot being asked | 10 |
| Do I want, invite or request? | ใใใใงใ, ใใพใใใ, ใใพใใใ, ใใใ ใใ | 11 |
3. Error-spotting clinic
Each sentence below has one error. Find it, then check the correction.
| Wrong | Why | Right |
|---|---|---|
| ใใณใฏ ใในใพใ ใใใใฏใ | The verb must come last. | ใใใใฏ ใใณใ ใในใพใใ |
| ใฟใใฏ ใฎใฟใพใใ (meaning "I drink water") | ใฏ makes water the topic and implies a contrast; the object of a plain statement takes ใ. | ใฟใใ ใฎใฟใพใใ |
| ใใฃใใใ ใใใพใใ | A destination takes ใซ or ใธ, not ใ. | ใใฃใใใธ ใใใพใใ |
| ใจใใใใใซ ในใใใใใใพใใ | The place where an action happens takes ใง. | ใจใใใใใง ในใใใใใใพใใ |
| ใใฎ ใปใใฏ ใใใใใชใใงใใ | An ใ-adjective drops ใ and adds ใใชใ. | ใใฎ ใปใใฏ ใใใใชใใงใใ |
| ใใใใใงใใ | ใใใ is a ใช-adjective; it takes ใงใ directly. | ใใใใงใใ |
| ใใฎใ ใใใพใใ | The tense must match the time word. | ใใฎใ ใใใพใใใ |
| ใชใซใ ใในใใใงใใใ and the answer ใชใซใ ใในใใโฆ | Not an error: ใใ allows ใ or ใ. Don't "fix" it. | ใชใซใ / ใชใซใ ใในใใใงใใใ |
| ใใฃใใใซ ใใใพใใใใใใฏใใ (as an invitation to a stranger) | For a first invitation ใใพใใใ is softer than ใใพใใใ. | ใใฃใใใซ ใใใพใใใใ |
๐ฃ๏ธ In Use โ ใคใใใใ
The whole course in three short exchanges. Spot the particles and verb forms as you read.
โ Meeting
โก Plans
โข Describing
๐ Course Complete โ Recap
| Chapters | What you can now do |
|---|---|
| 1-3 | See how a Japanese sentence works; read the sounds and writing system; use nouns, numbers and counters. |
| 4-6 | Use ใฏ and ใงใ; choose from the core particles (ใ, ใ, ใซ, ใง, ใธ, ใจ, ใ, ใใ, ใพใง, ใใ, ใ). |
| 7 | Point and ask where with ใใ, ใใ, ใใ, ใใ and friends. |
| 8-9 | Use polite verbs in the present, negative and past; describe with ใ- and ใช-adjectives. |
| 10-11 | Ask questions; say what you want; invite, request, accept and decline politely. |
| 12 | Build sentences with a checklist and spot common errors. |
โ๏ธ Practice โ ใใใใ ใ
Try each one, then click to check.
1. Build: "I eat bread at home." (topic, place, object, verb)
Show answer
ใใใใฏ ใใกใง ใใณใ ใในใพใใ
2. Build: "Yesterday I didn't go to school."
Show answer
ใใฎใ ใใฃใใใธ ใใใพใใใงใใใ
3. Correct: ใฌในใใฉใณใ ใใใพใใ
Show answer
ใฌในใใฉใณใธ ใใใพใใ (destination: ใธ or ใซ)
4. Correct: ใใฎ ใซใฌใผใฏ ใใใใใชใใงใใ
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ใใฎ ใซใฌใผใฏ ใใใใชใใงใใ
5. Correct: ใใใใใใงใใ (famous)
Show answer
ใใใใใงใใ (ใใใใ is a ใช-adjective)
6. Ask: "Who came?" (Which particle follows the question word?)
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ใ ใใ ใใพใใใใ (ใ follows a question word as subject)
7. Say: "I want to go to Japan."
Show answer
ใซใปใใธ ใใใใใงใใ
8. Invite: "Shall we eat together?"
Show answer
ใใฃใใใซ ใในใพใใใใ (or ใในใพใใใใใ)
9. Describe: "It is a quiet town." (ใช-adjective + noun)
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ใใใใช ใพใกใงใใ
10. Build a three-block sentence of your own about yesterday, using one time word, one particle block and a past polite verb.
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Any answer of the form time + noun + particle + verb-ใพใใ, for example ใใฎใ ใปใใ ใใฟใพใใใ ("Yesterday I read a book.")