Onomatopoeia

Japanese Grammar 4

Course 4 ยท Chapter 8 ยท Onomatopoeia

๐Ÿ’ฅ Onomatopoeia and Mimetics โ€” ใŽใŠใ‚“ใ”ใƒปใŽใŸใ„ใ”

Japanese has thousands of words that imitate sounds, and, unlike English, thousands that also imitate states, textures and feelings: a fluffy cushion is , a pounding heart is , fluent speech is . They are everywhere in manga, in everyday speech and in descriptions of food and weather. Learning the commonest forty and the few grammar patterns they follow unlocks a great deal of real Japanese.

The rule in one box Two groups: ๆ“ฌ้Ÿณ่ชž(ใŽใŠใ‚“ใ”) imitate real sounds (ใ–ใ‚ใ–ใ‚, rain; ใƒฏใƒณใƒฏใƒณ, a dog) and ๆ“ฌๆ…‹่ชž(ใŽใŸใ„ใ”) describe states and feelings that make no sound (ใตใ‚ใตใ‚, ใฉใใฉใ). Both are used as adverbs with ใจ (ใตใ‚ใตใ‚ใจ), as verbs with ใ™ใ‚‹ (ใฉใใฉใใ™ใ‚‹), and sometimes as adjectives with ใฎ or ใช (ใตใ‚ใตใ‚ใฎ ใƒ‘ใƒณ). Many are doubled (AA); others end in ใฃ, ใ‚“ or ใ‚Š.

1. The three grammar patterns

PatternUseExample
ใจ + verb (ใจ is often dropped in speech)adverb
ใ™ใ‚‹ / ใ—ใŸ"to feel / be in that state"
ใฎ / ใช + nounadjective
ใ  / ใงใ™ (after a topic)predicate
Watch out: each word has its favourite pattern Not every mimetic works with every pattern. Many take ใ™ใ‚‹ (ใ‚ใใ‚ใใ™ใ‚‹, ใ„ใ‚‰ใ„ใ‚‰ใ™ใ‚‹), many take ใจ (ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Šใจ), and some take ใฎ (ใดใ‹ใดใ‹ใฎ ใใค). The reliable method is to learn each word in one typical sentence, as in this chapter, rather than to guess the pattern.

2. The commonest forty, in six groups

Weather and nature

WordMeaningExample
heavy rain, rushing water
soft, steady rain
thunder rumbling; rolling or lazing about
damp, humid
pleasantly warm
very dry

Touch and look

WordMeaningExample
fluffy, light
soft and thick (a cushion, a futon)
smooth, slippery
rough, gritty
sticky
silky, dry and flowing
shiny, spotless
sparkling

Feelings and body

WordMeaningExample
heart pounding
excited, looking forward
irritated
restless, fidgety
very hungry
worn out
dizzy, unsteady
smiling happily

Movement and manner

WordMeaningExample
strolling, loafing, dangling
wandering about aimlessly
slowly, sluggishly
spinning round
rolling (small round thing)
wobbling, shaking

Speech and sound

WordMeaningExample
fluent (speaking a language)
grumbling, muttering
noisy crowd
giggling
guffawing
gulping a drink

Animals and the ใฃ / ใ‚“ / ใ‚Š families

WordMeaningExample
dog / cat
startled
disappointed
sound asleep
relaxed, at leisure
exactly right, a perfect fit
Watch out: ใฃ, ใ‚“ and ใ‚Š words are not doubled The doubled words (ใตใ‚ใตใ‚, ใฉใใฉใ) often describe a continuing or repeated state. The ใฃ and ใ‚Š words (ใณใฃใใ‚Š, ใŒใฃใ‹ใ‚Š, ใใฃใ™ใ‚Š, ใดใฃใŸใ‚Š) usually describe a single moment or a finished state. That difference explains why you say ใณใฃใใ‚Šใ—ใŸ (I was startled, once) but ใฉใใฉใใ—ใฆ ใ„ใ‚‹ (my heart keeps pounding).

3. Reading manga and descriptions

In manga, sound effects are written in katakana and drawn into the picture: (a thud or heartbeat), (a door or a lock), (silence, the "sound" of nothing happening), (a pounding heart, often in a speech bubble). In ordinary text the same words are usually written in hiragana, or in katakana for emphasis. When you meet one you do not know, ask: is it a sound or a feeling, doubled or not, and is it next to ใ™ใ‚‹, ใจ or ใฎ?

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ In Use โ€” ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

Everyday talk is full of them.

โ‘  Before an interview

A: I always get a pounding heart before an interview.
B: It's fine. Don't fidget; just speak slowly.

โ‘ก Describing a hotel

A: How was that hotel?
B: The room was spotless and the bed was soft and thick. I slept soundly.

โ‘ข After a long day

A: I'm worn out from working today. And I'm starving.
B: Then let's go and have a relaxed meal.

๐Ÿ“‹ Quick Reference

PatternExample
Adverb with ใจใ–ใ‚ใ–ใ‚ใจ ใตใ‚‹
Verb with ใ™ใ‚‹ใฉใใฉใใ™ใ‚‹; ใ‚ใใ‚ใใ™ใ‚‹
Adjective with ใฎ / ใชใตใ‚ใตใ‚ใฎ ใƒ‘ใƒณ; ใดใ‹ใดใ‹ใฎ ใใค
Predicate with ใ ใŠใชใ‹ใŒ ใบใ“ใบใ“ใ ; ใˆใ„ใ”ใŒ ใบใ‚‰ใบใ‚‰ใ 
One-moment ใฃ / ใ‚Š wordsใณใฃใใ‚Š; ใŒใฃใ‹ใ‚Š; ใใฃใ™ใ‚Š; ใดใฃใŸใ‚Š
Mangakatakana, drawn into the picture: ใƒ‰ใƒณ, ใ‚ฌใƒใƒฃ, ใ‚ทใƒผใƒณ

โœ๏ธ Practice โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Which describes a state, or ?

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(a state, ๆ“ฌๆ…‹่ชž). ใƒฏใƒณใƒฏใƒณ imitates a real sound (ๆ“ฌ้Ÿณ่ชž).

2. Say "I'm starving" with a mimetic.

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3. Say "My heart is pounding".

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4. Which means soft, steady rain: or ?

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. ใ–ใ‚ใ–ใ‚ is heavy rain.

5. Say "He is fluent in English".

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6. Join with : "fluffy bread".

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7. Say "I slept soundly" with a mimetic.

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8. Which fits "I was startled by the news": or ?

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. It is a single moment, so the simple past is natural.

9. How is the "silence" sound often drawn in manga written?

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, written in katakana.

10. Choose: or goes with .

Show answer

(gulping). ใใ™ใใ™ is giggling.

Coming up in Chapter 9: Kanji Compounds and Word Formation. On and kun readings, okurigana, common prefixes and suffixes such as ไธใ€œ, ใ€œ็š„, ใ€œๅŒ–, ใ€œๆ€ง, and reading a word you have not met.