Hearsay and Appearance

Japanese Grammar 3

Course 3 ยท Chapter 8 ยท Hearsay and Appearance

๐Ÿ‘€ Hearsay and Appearance โ€” ใคใŸใˆใใ„ใŸ ใจ ใฟใŸใ‚

Japanese is careful about how you know something. Did you hear it from someone? Does it merely look that way? Do you infer it from evidence? Is it only a possibility? Each source has its own ending. This chapter gives you the whole set: ใใ†ใ  (two different meanings), ใ‚ˆใ†ใ  / ใฟใŸใ„, ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„, and the certainty scale ใฏใš, ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„, ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†.

The rule in one box Looks like (first impression): stem + ใใ†ใ . I hear that: plain form + ใใ†ใ . Seems (evidence or impression): plain + ใ‚ˆใ†ใ  / ใฟใŸใ„. Apparently / typical: plain + ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„. Should be / may be / probably: ใฏใš / ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ / ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†.

1. ใใ†ใ : looks like (appearance)

Attach ใใ† to the stem (no ใ‚‹ or ใ„): "looks as if, seems about to".

TypeRuleExample
Verbใพใ™-stem + ใใ† It looks like rain.
This glass looks about to fall.
ใ„-adjectivedrop ใ„ + ใใ† a delicious-looking cake
It looks expensive.
ใช-adjectivestem + ใใ† He looks well.
Exceptionsใ„ใ„ โ†’ ใ‚ˆใ•ใใ†; ใชใ„ โ†’ ใชใ•ใใ† a good-looking hotel
He seems to have no money.
Negativestem + ใชใ•ใใ† / ใ€œใชใ„ โ†’ ใ€œใชใ•ใใ† It doesn't look like rain.
It doesn't look expensive.

ใใ†ใ  works like a ใช-adjective: ใŠใ„ใ—ใใ†ใช ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญ, ใŠใ„ใ—ใใ†ใซ ใŸในใ‚‹. It is not used with nouns, and it describes how something looks to you, not what you have been told.

2. ใใ†ใ : I hear that (hearsay)

The plain form + ใใ†ใ  reports information from someone else. The source is usually marked with ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจ or ใฎ ใฏใชใ—ใงใฏ.

JapaneseEnglish
According to the forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
I hear that Mr Tanaka went on a trip.
They say that hotel is quiet.
Watch out: two ใใ†ใ , two forms ใตใ‚Šใใ†ใ  (stem + ใใ†) = "looks like it will fall". ใตใ‚‹ใใ†ใ  (plain + ใใ†) = "I hear it will fall". They look nearly the same but differ in the verb form before ใใ†. The appearance ใใ† takes any adjective-type ending (ใใ†ใช, ใใ†ใซ); the hearsay ใใ†ใ  never changes (no ใใ†ใช), and it does not take ใ  after a noun or ใช-adjective except as part of the plain form: ใ—ใšใ‹ใ ใใ†ใงใ™.

3. ใ‚ˆใ†ใ  and ใฟใŸใ„: seems, like

ใ‚ˆใ†ใ  says "it seems / it appears", usually from your own observation or evidence. ใฟใŸใ„ is the conversational equivalent.

Typeใ‚ˆใ†ใ  / ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ใฟใŸใ„ (casual)
Verb (plain)
ใ„-adjective
ใช-adjective (ใช) (no ใช)
Noun (ใฎ)

Both also express similes: ("a story like a dream"), ("to frolic like a child"), ("white like snow").

4. ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„: apparently, typical of

MeaningExampleEnglish
Hearsay / inference from informationApparently it's going to rain tomorrow.
Typical of (noun + ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„)
student-like clothes
He's a manly person.
Watch out: ใใ†ใ , ใ‚ˆใ†ใ  or ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„? ใใ†ใ  (hearsay) = the source is explicit; you pass it on. ใ‚ˆใ†ใ  = your own inference or impression. ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ = based on information you have gathered, with less certainty about the source. Compare: ใ‚ใ‚ใŒ ใตใ‚‹ใใ†ใงใ™ (the forecast says so), ใ‚ใ‚ใŒ ใตใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™ (judging by the sky it seems it will), ใ‚ใ‚ใŒ ใตใ‚‹ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ (I gather it will).

5. How certain? ใฏใš, ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„, ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†

ExpressionCertaintyAttaches toExample
ใ€œใซ ใกใŒใ„ใชใ„almost certainplain; noun / ใช-adj without ใ 
He is sure to come.
ใ€œใฏใšexpected (on good grounds)plain; Nใฎ ใฏใš; ใช-adj ใช ใฏใš
He should be coming.
ใ€œใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† / ใ ใ‚ใ†probablyplain; noun / ใช-adj without ใ 
It will probably be clear.
ใ€œใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„possiblyplain; noun / ใช-adj without ใ 
It might rain.
PatternExampleEnglish
ใ€œใฏใšใŒ ใชใ„He can't possibly know.
ใ€œใฏใšใ ใฃใŸIt was supposed to arrive yesterday.
ใ€œใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ (rising)This is tasty, isn't it?
ใ€œใ‹ใ‚‚ (casual)Maybe.
Watch out: ใฏใš is not 'intention' ใฏใš expresses what you expect on reasonable grounds (a schedule, a rule, knowledge). It is not for your own intentions (that is ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Š) or for what you want. And ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ never takes ใ  before it: ใ‚ใ‚ใ  ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ is wrong, say ใ‚ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„.

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ In Use โ€” ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

Evidence, rumour and doubt.

โ‘  The weather

A: The sky is dark. It looks like rain.
B: According to the forecast, it will rain from the afternoon.

โ‘ก A rumour

A: Apparently Tanaka is leaving next month.
B: Really? I don't think that can be right...

โ‘ข Guessing

A: He still hasn't come.
B: Maybe the road is busy. He'll probably be here soon.

๐Ÿ“‹ Quick Reference

PatternMeaningExample
stem + ใใ†looks likeใตใ‚Šใใ†; ใŠใ„ใ—ใใ†; ใ‚ˆใ•ใใ†
plain + ใใ†ใ I hear thatใตใ‚‹ใใ†ใ 
plain + ใ‚ˆใ†ใ  / ใฟใŸใ„seemsใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใ 
plain + ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„apparentlyใตใ‚‹ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„
Nใ‚‰ใ—ใ„typical ofใŒใใ›ใ„ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„
plain + ใฏใšshould beใใ‚‹ ใฏใš
plain + ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„mightใตใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„
plain + ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†probablyใฏใ‚Œใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†

โœ๏ธ Practice โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Say "It looks delicious." (ใŠใ„ใ—ใ„)

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2. Say "It looks good." (ใ„ใ„)

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3. Say "He doesn't look busy."

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4. Say "I hear he's moving next month."

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5. Say "According to the news, there was an accident." (ใ˜ใ“)

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6. Say "It seems someone is in the room."

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7. Say "She looks like a child" in a casual way.

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8. Say "He should be at home now."

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9. Say "It might snow tomorrow."

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10. Correct:

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No ใ  before ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„.

Coming up in Chapter 9: Giving and Receiving. ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹, ใใ‚Œใ‚‹, ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†, the polite forms ใ•ใ—ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹, ใใ ใ•ใ‚‹, ใ„ใŸใ ใ, ใ€œใฆใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ / ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ / ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†, and the point of view.