Quoting and Opinion
Japanese Grammar 3
Course 3 ยท Chapter 7 ยท Quoting and Opinion
๐ฌ Quoting and Opinion โ ใใใใ ใจ ใใใ
This chapter covers how to report what someone said, thought or asked: "He said he'd come", "I think it's good", "I don't know whether he'll come". Japanese uses one small particle for most of it, ใจ, plus ใ for questions. Quoted material is always a plain-form clause placed before the verb of saying or thinking.
1. Direct and indirect quotation with ใจ่จใ
| Type | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| Direct (exact words in ใ ใ) | ใใชใใใใฏใใใใ ใใใใพใใใจ ใใใพใใใ | Mr Tanaka said, "I'll be late tomorrow." |
| Indirect (plain form) | ใใชใใใใฏ ใใใ ใใใใใจ ใใใพใใใ | Mr Tanaka said he would be late tomorrow. |
| Negative | ใใใฏ ใใใชใใจ ใใใพใใใ | He said he wouldn't go. |
| Past | ใใฎใใใฏ ใใฎใ ใฒใจใใง ใใฃใใจ ใใใพใใใ | She said she went alone yesterday. |
| Adjective / noun | ใใฎ ใปใใฏ ใใใใใใจ ใใใพใใใ ใใฎ ใฒใจใฏ ใใใใใ ใจ ใใใพใใใ | He said this book is interesting. He said that person is a teacher. |
In indirect speech the tense stays that of the original statement (the speaker's own perspective), not shifted "back" as in English: ใใใ ใใใจ ใใใพใใ ("He said he would come tomorrow") keeps ใใ in the present form.
Reporting a request or command: ใใใซ่จใ
| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| ใใใใใฏ ใใใใซ ใใ ใใใซ ใใใพใใใ | The teacher told us to be quiet. |
| ใฏใฏใฏ ใฏใใ ใญใ ใใใซ ใใใพใใใ | My mother told me to go to bed early. |
| ใใใใฏ ใใใ ใฎใพใชใ ใใใซ ใใใพใใใ | The doctor told me not to drink alcohol. |
2. Opinions with ใจๆใ
ใจๆใ (ใจใใใ) states what you think or guess. The plain form comes before ใจ.
| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| ใใใใฏ ใใใ ใตใใจ ใใใใพใใ | I think it will rain tomorrow. |
| ใใฎ ใใใใฏ ใใใใใใฃใใจ ใใใใพใใ | I think this film was interesting. |
| ใใใฏ ใฒใพใ ใจ ใใใใพใใ | I think he's free. |
| ใใชใใฏ ใฉใ ใใใใพใใใ | What do you think? |
3. ใจใใ: "called" and content clauses
| Use | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| Naming | ใใใใจ ใใ ใฟใ ใใชใใจ ใใ ใฒใจ | a shop called Sakura a person named Tanaka |
| Content clause (what the noun says) | ใใใ ใฒใฃใใ ใจ ใใ ใฏใชใ ใจใใ ใกใ ใใฃใใใใ ใจ ใใ ใใใ | the story that he's moving the news that my friend is getting married |
| Explaining a word | ใใใใใใจ ใใ ใใจใฐใฎ ใใฟ | the meaning of the word "sakura" |
This is the pattern flagged in Chapter 2: nouns like ใฏใชใ, ใใใ, ใใใ, ใใใค, ใใใใ, ใใใก (a content that is not missing anything) take ใจใใ. Compare a relative clause: ใใใ ใใฃใ ใปใ (the book he bought) has a gap; ใใใ ใฒใฃใใใจใใ ใฏใชใ does not.
4. ใฃใฆ: the casual quote
In everyday speech ใจ and ใจใใ become ใฃใฆ; ใจ ใใ becomes ใฃใฆ ใใ or just ใฃใฆ.
| Formal | Casual |
|---|---|
| ใใใ ใใใจ ใใใพใใใ | ใใใ ใใใฃใฆ ใใฃใใ |
| ใใใใจ ใใ ใฟใ | ใใใใฃใฆ ใใ ใฟใ |
| ใใใใใใจ ใใใใพใใ | ใใใใใใฃใฆ ใใใใ |
| ใใชใใใใฏ ใฉใใงใใใ (where is Tanaka?) | ใใชใใใใฃใฆ ใฉใ๏ผ (ใฃใฆ as a casual topic marker, "Tanaka, now, where is he?") |
Sentence-final ใฃใฆ also reports hearsay: ใใใ ใใใ ใฃใฆใ ("They say it will be rain tomorrow.") Chapter 8 covers the hearsay patterns formally.
5. Embedded questions: ใ and ใใฉใใ
A question inside a sentence takes ใ and the plain form. No ใจ is needed:
| Pattern | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| Question word + ใ | ใ ใใ ใใใ ใใใใพใใใ | I don't know who will come. |
| Question word + ใ | ใชใซใ ใในใใใ ใใใพใใใ | I've decided what I want to eat. |
| Yes/no: ใใ ใฉใใ | ใใใ ใใใ ใฉใใ ใใใพใใใ | I don't know whether he'll come or not. |
| Alternatives: A ใ B ใ | ใใใ ใในใใใใฉใผใกใณใ ใในใใใใพใใฃใฆ ใใพใใ | I can't decide between sushi and ramen. |
| Noun / ใช-adj (no ใ ) | ใปใใจใใ ใฉใใ ใใใใพใใใ ใ ใใฎ ใใฐใใ ใใใใฆ ใใ ใใใ | I don't know if it's true. Please tell me whose bag it is. |
๐ฃ๏ธ In Use โ ใคใใใใ
Reporting, opining and wondering.
โ Passing on a message
โก Opinions
โข Uncertainty
๐ Quick Reference
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| plain + ใจ ใใ | says that | ใใใจ ใใฃใ |
| ใใใใซ ใใ | tells (someone) to | ใใใใซ ใใ ใใใซ ใใฃใ |
| plain + ใจ ใใใ | thinks that | ใตใใจ ใใใ |
| Nใจ ใใ N | called; content clause | ใใใใจ ใใ ใฟใ |
| plain + ใฃใฆ | casual ใจ / ใจใใ | ใใใฃใฆ ใใฃใ |
| Q-word + ใ | embedded question | ใ ใใ ใใใ |
| ใใ ใฉใใ | whether or not | ใใใ ใฉใใ |
โ๏ธ Practice โ ใใใใ ใ
Try each one, then click to check.
1. Turn into indirect speech: ใฏใฏใฏใใใใ ใใใ ใชใใพใใใจ ใใใพใใใ
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ใฏใฏใฏ ใใใ ใใใ ใชใใจ ใใใพใใใ
2. Say "He said it was expensive."
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ใใใฏ ใใใใฃใใจ ใใใพใใใ (or ใใใใจ ใใใพใใ, if it still is.)
3. Say "She said she was a doctor."
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ใใฎใใใฏ ใใใใ ใจ ใใใพใใใ
4. Say "The teacher told me to read this book."
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ใใใใใฏ ใใฎ ใปใใ ใใ ใใใซ ใใใพใใใ
5. Say "I think he's busy."
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ใใใฏ ใใใใใใจ ใใใใพใใ
6. Say "I don't think so."
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ใใใฏ ใใใใพใใใ
7. Say "a shop called Tsubaki."
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ใคใฐใใจ ใใ ใฟใ
8. Say "I heard the news that he got married."
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ใใใ ใใฃใใใใใจ ใใ ใใใใ ใใใพใใใ
9. Say "I don't know whether this is correct." (ใใ ใใ)
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ใใใ ใใ ใใใ ใฉใใ ใใใใพใใใ
10. Say it casually: "He said he's coming."
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ใใใฃใฆ ใใฃใใ