Conditionals I
Japanese Grammar 3
Course 3 ยท Chapter 4 ยท Conditionals I: ใจ and ใฐ
๐ Conditionals (1) โ ใจ ใจ ใฐ
Japanese has four main conditionals: ใจ, ใฐ, ใใ, ใชใ. They all translate as "if" or "when", but each has its own feel and limits. This chapter covers the first two. ใจ is for natural, automatic results. ใฐ is for conditions: "if X, then Y", usually general or hypothetical. Chapter 5 covers ใใ and ใชใ and how to choose.
1. ใจ: natural consequence
Plain form + ใจ says that Y happens automatically when X happens. It is used for laws of nature, machines, directions, habits and discoveries.
| Use | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| Natural law | ใฏใใซ ใชใใจใใใใใ ใใใพใใ | When spring comes, the cherry blossoms bloom. |
| Machines, instructions | ใใฎ ใใฟใณใ ใใใจใใใขใ ใใใพใใ | If you press this button, the door opens. |
| Directions | ใพใฃใใ ใใใจใใฟใใซ ใใใ ใใใพใใ | If you go straight, the station is on your right. |
| Habit | ใใใใ ใฎใใจใใใใ ใใใ ใชใใพใใ | When I drink, my face turns red. |
| Discovery (past) | ใใขใ ใใใใจใใญใใ ใใพใใใ | When I opened the door, there was a cat. |
| Negative | ใใใใชใใจใใใใใพใใใ | If you don't hurry, you'll be late. |
2. ใฐ: the conditional form
| Type | Rule | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | ใ-row โ ใ-row + ใฐ | ใใ โ ใใใฐ; ใฎใ โ ใฎใใฐ; ใใ โ ใใใฐ; ใใ โ ใใใฐ; ใฏใชใ โ ใฏใชใใฐ |
| Group 2 | drop ใ + ใใฐ | ใในใ โ ใในใใฐ; ใฟใ โ ใฟใใฐ |
| ใใ / ใใ | irregular | ใใใฐ; ใใใฐ |
| ใ-adjective | drop ใ + ใใใฐ | ใใใ โ ใใใใใฐ; ใใ โ ใใใใฐ |
| ใชใ | ใชใ โ ใชใใใฐ | ใใใชใ โ ใใใชใใใฐ (as in ใใชใใใฐใชใใพใใ) |
| ใช-adjective, noun | ใชใ / ใงใใใฐ | ใใใใชใ; ใใใใใชใ (see Chapter 5) |
ใฐ expresses "if X is the case, then Y". It is the standard form for general or hypothetical conditions and for stating the necessary condition.
| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| ใใใใใฐใใใใพใใ | If it's cheap, I'll buy it. |
| ใใ ในใใใใใใใฐใใใใใใงใใพใใ | If you study hard, you can pass. |
| ใใใ ใฆใใใ ใใใใฐใใใฏใใใฏใซ ใใใพใใ | If the weather is good tomorrow, we'll go on a picnic. |
| ใฏใใ ใใใชใใใฐใใกใใใใพใใ | If I don't get up early, I'll be late. |
3. ใใฐใใ: "all you have to do" and advice
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใใฐใใ | it's enough to; you should | ใใใซ ใชใพใใ ใใใฐ ใใใงใใ You just need to write your name here. |
| ใฉใ ใใใฐ ใใใงใใ | what should I do? | ใใใธใฏ ใฉใ ใใใฐ ใใใงใใใ How should I get to the station? |
| ใใฐใใใฃใ | I wish I had; I should have | ใใฃใจ ในใใใใใใใฐ ใใใฃใใ I wish I had studied more. |
4. ใใฐใใปใฉ: the more โฆ the more
Repeat the same word, once in the ใฐ form and once in the dictionary form + ใปใฉ.
| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| ใฏใชใใฐ ใฏใชใ ใปใฉใใซใปใใใ ใใใซ ใชใใพใใ | The more I speak, the more I like Japanese. |
| ใใใใใฐ ใใใ ใปใฉใใใใงใใ | The cheaper, the better. |
| ใใใใชใ ใใใใช ใปใฉใใใ ใญใใใพใใ | The quieter it is, the better I sleep. |
5. Choosing ใจ or ใฐ
| ใจ | ใฐ | |
|---|---|---|
| Feel | inevitable, automatic | condition: X is what is needed for Y |
| Main clause | result only | result; also requests/wishes if the ใฐ clause is a state |
| Typical | laws, machines, directions, habits, discoveries | general conditions, advice, "if only" |
| Past | "when I did X, I found Y" | not used for past discoveries |
๐ฃ๏ธ In Use โ ใคใใใใ
Conditions and consequences.
โ Directions
โก Advice
โข Regret
๐ Quick Reference
| Form | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใใจ | plain + ใจ; result only | ใใใจ ใใ |
| Group 1 ใฐ | ใ-row โ ใ-row + ใฐ | ใใใฐ |
| Group 2 ใฐ | ใ โ ใใฐ | ใในใใฐ |
| ใ-adj ใฐ | ใ โ ใใใฐ | ใใใใใฐ; ใใใใฐ |
| ใชใ ใฐ | ใชใใใฐ | ใใใชใใใฐ |
| ใใฐใใ | should / enough | ใฉใ ใใใฐ ใใ |
| ใใฐใใปใฉ | the more โฆ the more | ใฏใชใใฐ ใฏใชใ ใปใฉ |
โ๏ธ Practice โ ใใใใ ใ
Try each one, then click to check.
1. Give the ใฐ-form of ใฎใ, ใใ and ใฏใชใ.
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ใฎใใฐ, ใใใฐ, ใฏใชใใฐ
2. Give the ใฐ-form of ใในใ, ใใ and ใใ.
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ใในใใฐ, ใใใฐ, ใใใฐ
3. Give the ใฐ-form of ใใใ, ใใ and ใใใชใ.
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ใใใใใฐ, ใใใใฐ, ใใใชใใใฐ
4. Say "If you press this, it opens" with ใจ.
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ใใใ ใใใจใใใใพใใ
5. Say "If you turn left, you'll see a bank."
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ใฒใ ใใซ ใพใใใจใใใใใใ ใใใพใใ
6. Say "If it's cheap, I'll buy it" with ใฐ.
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ใใใใใฐใใใใพใใ
7. Ask "How should I use this?"
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ใใใฏ ใฉใ ใคใใใฐ ใใใงใใใ
8. Say "The more I eat, the fatter I get." (ใตใจใ)
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ใในใใฐ ใในใ ใปใฉใใตใจใใพใใ
9. Say "I wish I had gone earlier."
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ใใฃใจ ใฏใใ ใใใฐ ใใใฃใใ
10. Why is ใใใ ใตใใจใใใใใใชใใงใใ unnatural?
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ใจ cannot be followed by a wish. Use ใใ or ใฐ: ใใใ ใตใใฐใใใใใใชใใงใใ (or ใตใฃใใ, Chapter 5).