The Plain Forms
Japanese Grammar 2
Course 2 ยท Chapter 6 ยท The Plain Forms
๐ The Plain Forms โ ใตใคใใใ
So far you have used the polite ใพใ / ใงใ forms for sentences, and the te-form and ใชใ-form as building blocks. The plain forms (ใตใคใใใ, ๆฎ้ๅฝข) are the dictionary-level versions of verbs, adjectives and ใงใ. They are what you use with friends and family, in diaries and notes, and, most importantly for grammar, inside longer sentences, where almost every pattern from here on attaches to a plain form.
1. The four plain forms of verbs
| Polite | Present (dictionary) | Negative | Past | Past negative |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ใใใพใ (write) | ใใ | ใใใชใ | ใใใ | ใใใชใใฃใ |
| ใฎใฟใพใ (drink) | ใฎใ | ใฎใพใชใ | ใฎใใ | ใฎใพใชใใฃใ |
| ใใใพใ (buy) | ใใ | ใใใชใ | ใใฃใ | ใใใชใใฃใ |
| ใในใพใ (eat) | ใในใ | ใในใชใ | ใในใ | ใในใชใใฃใ |
| ใใพใ (do) | ใใ | ใใชใ | ใใ | ใใชใใฃใ |
| ใใพใ (come) | ใใ | ใใชใ | ใใ | ใใชใใฃใ |
| ใใใพใ (go) | ใใ | ใใใชใ | ใใฃใ | ใใใชใใฃใ |
The ใ-form: the te-form's twin
| Te-form | Past (ใ-form) | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใใฃใฆ | ใใฃใ | ใใฃใฆ โ ใใฃใ; ใพใฃใฆ โ ใพใฃใ; ใฎใฃใฆ โ ใฎใฃใ |
| ใใใง | ใใใ | ใฎใใง โ ใฎใใ ; ใใใใง โ ใใใใ ; ใใใง โ ใใใ |
| ใใใฆ | ใใใ | ใใใฆ โ ใใใ |
| ใใใง | ใใใ | ใใใใง โ ใใใใ |
| ใใใฆ | ใใใ | ใฏใชใใฆ โ ใฏใชใใ |
| ใใฆ (Group 2) | ใใ | ใในใฆ โ ใในใ |
| ใใฃใฆ (exception) | ใใฃใ | ใใ โ ใใฃใ |
If you can form the te-form, you can form the plain past: just swap the last kana.
2. Plain forms of adjectives and ใงใ
| Type | Present | Negative | Past | Past negative |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ใ-adjective ใใใ (expensive) | ใใใ | ใใใใชใ | ใใใใฃใ | ใใใใชใใฃใ |
| ใ-adjective, ใใ | ใใ | ใใใชใ | ใใใฃใ | ใใใชใใฃใ |
| ใช-adjective ใใใ (quiet) | ใใใใ | ใใใใใใชใ | ใใใใ ใฃใ | ใใใใใใชใใฃใ |
| Noun + ใงใ ใใใใ (student) | ใใใใใ | ใใใใใใใชใ | ใใใใใ ใฃใ | ใใใใใใใชใใฃใ |
3. Where plain forms are used
| Place | Example | Note |
|---|---|---|
| With friends, family, close colleagues | ใใใ ใใ๏ผ โ ใใใใใใ Are you going tomorrow? โ Yeah, I am. | See Chapter 7. |
| Diaries, notes, informal writing | ใใใใฏ ใจใใ ใกใจ ใใใใ ใฟใใใใใใใใฃใใ Today I saw a film with a friend. It was interesting. | The diary style ends sentences in plain forms. |
| Inside a longer sentence (before ใจ, ใใ, ใฎใง ...) | ใใใ ใใใ ใตใใจ ใใใใพใใ I think it will rain tomorrow. | The polite ending sits on the final verb only. |
| Describing a noun (relative clauses) | ใใฎใ ใใฃใ ใปใใฏ ใใใใใใงใใ The book I bought yesterday is interesting. | The verb before a noun is always plain. |
| Patterns that attach to plain forms | ใใ ใในใ ใปใใ ใใใงใใ You'd better eat now. ใซใปใใธ ใใฃใ ใใจใ ใใใพใใ I have been to Japan. | ใใ ใปใใใใ and ใใใใจใใใ: Chapter 11. |
Reasons with ใใ and ใฎใง
ใใ and ใฎใง follow plain (or polite) forms: ใใใ ใตใฃใฆ ใใใใใใใใ ใใฃใฆ ใใใพใใ "Because it is raining, I'll take an umbrella." Before ใฎใง, ใ becomes ใช for nouns and ใช-adjectives: ใใใใชใฎใงใใใใงใใ.
๐ฃ๏ธ In Use โ ใคใใใใ
Plain forms in friendly talk, in writing and inside a polite sentence.
โ Between friends
โก A diary entry
โข Plain inside, polite outside
๐ Quick Reference
| Present | Neg. | Past | Past neg. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb | ใฎใ | ใฎใพใชใ | ใฎใใ | ใฎใพใชใใฃใ |
| ใ-adj | ใใใ | ใใใใชใ | ใใใใฃใ | ใใใใชใใฃใ |
| ใช-adj | ใใใใ | ใใใใใใชใ | ใใใใ ใฃใ | ใใใใใใชใใฃใ |
| Noun | ใใใใใ | ใใใใใใใชใ | ใใใใใ ใฃใ | ใใใใใใใชใใฃใ |
โ๏ธ Practice โ ใใใใ ใ
Try each one, then click to check.
1. Plain past of ใฎใฟใพใ, ใใใพใ and ใใใพใ.
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ใฎใใ , ใใใ, ใใฃใ
2. Plain past of ใใพใ, ใใพใ and ใใใพใ.
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ใใ, ใใ, ใใฃใ
3. Plain past negative of ใในใพใ and ใฟใพใ.
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ใในใชใใฃใ, ใฟใชใใฃใ
4. Plain past of ใใใใ and plain negative of ใใ.
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ใใใใใฃใ; ใใใชใ.
5. Plain past and plain past negative of ใใใใใงใ (famous, ใช-adjective).
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ใใใใใ ใฃใ; ใใใใใใใชใใฃใ.
6. Make plain: ใใฎใ ใใใงใใใ
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ใใฎใ ใใใ ใฃใใ
7. Say "I think he will come" (polite ending, plain clause).
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ใใใฏ ใใใจ ใใใใพใใ
8. Say "The book I bought yesterday is interesting."
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ใใฎใ ใใฃใ ใปใใฏ ใใใใใใงใใ
9. Write a two-sentence diary entry in plain past: you went to the park, it was fun.
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ใใใใใธ ใใฃใใใใฎใใใฃใใ
10. Spot the error: ใใใใฏ ใใใใ ใจ ใใใใพใใ
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ใใใใฏ ใใใใจ ใใใใพใใ An ใ-adjective takes no ใ .