Polite Verbs

Japanese Grammar 1

Chapter 8 · Polite Verbs: the ます-form

⚙️ Polite Verbs — ます・ません・ました

You have been reading たべます, いきます, あります as ready-made words since Chapter 1. Now you learn how they are made. The polite ます-form is the verb ending you will use with everyone you do not know well, and once you can build it you can turn any dictionary verb into polite speech. The chapter also gives the dictionary form as your reference, the three verb groups in outline, and the everyday patterns around verbs: going to do something and how often.

The rule in one box Four forms: 〜ます (does / will do), 〜ません (doesn't / won't), 〜ました (did), 〜ませんでした (didn't). Japanese has no separate future: あした いきます means "I will go tomorrow". The forms never change for person or number. Add か to ask.

1. The four forms

Present / futureNegativePastPast negative
to eat
tabemasu

tabemasen

tabemashita

tabemasen deshita
to go
ikimasu

ikimasen

ikimashita

ikimasen deshita
to do
shimasu

shimasen

shimashita

shimasen deshita

Once you have the ます form, the other three come mechanically: change ます to ません, ました or ませんでした. This is the same system as です in Chapter 4 (です, じゃありません, でした, じゃありませんでした).

JapaneseSay itEnglish
mainichi kōhī o nomimasuI drink coffee every day.
ashita tomodachi ni aimasuI'll meet a friend tomorrow.
kinō terebi o mimasen deshitaI didn't watch TV yesterday.
kesa nani o tabemashita kaWhat did you eat this morning?

2. The dictionary form and the three groups

A dictionary lists a verb in its dictionary form (also called the plain present). Every dictionary-form verb ends in the sound -u: たべる taberu, のむ nomu, いく iku. To make the ます-form you need to know which of three groups the verb belongs to.

GroupNameHow to recognise itDictionary form → ます-form
Group 2ru-verbs (る-verbs)end in る and the sound before る is i or edrop る, add ます



Group 1u-verbseverything else: ends in う, く, ぐ, す, つ, ぬ, ぶ, む, or in る after a, u, ochange the last sound from the u-row to the i-row, add ます




Group 3irregularonly two

and all noun + する:

Group 1: the u-row to the i-row

Ending→ i-rowExample
うい kau → kaimasu (buy)
くき kaku → kakimasu (write)
ぐぎ oyogu → oyogimasu (swim)
すし hanasu → hanashimasu (speak)
つち matsu → machimasu (wait)
ぬに shinu → shinimasu (die)
ぶび asobu → asobimasu (play)
むみ nomu → nomimasu (drink)
る (after a, u, o)り noru → norimasu (ride); aru → arimasu
Watch out: some る-verbs belong to Group 1 The sound-before-る rule has a small set of exceptions that look like Group 2 but belong to Group 1. The common ones are かえる (return) → かえります, はいる (enter), はしる (run), しる (get to know) and きる (cut). Learn them as exceptions when you meet them; they are a short list.
How the groups matter later In the ます-form, Group 1 and 2 verbs differ only in how you build the stem. In Japanese Grammar 2 the groups matter a lot more, because the te-form, plain negative and past follow group-specific rules. Learn the group of every verb as you learn the verb.

3. Verbs to learn first

MeaningDictionary formます-formGroup
eat taberu2
drink nomu1
see, watch miru2
listen kiku1
read yomu1
write kaku1
speak hanasu1
buy kau1
meet au1
go iku1
come kuru3
return kaeru1 (exception)
get up okiru2
sleep neru2
work hataraku1
do suru3
study benkyō suru3

4. Going to do something: 〜に いきます

To say you go (or come, or return) in order to do something, put the purpose before に, then the movement verb. Two shapes:

ShapeExampleEnglish
action noun + に + いきます
kaimono ni ikimasu
I go shopping.

ryokō ni ikimasu
I go on a trip.
verb stem + に + いきます
(the ます-form without ます)

tomodachi ni ai ni ikimasu

eiga o mi ni ikimasu
I go to meet a friend.
I go to see a film.
with きます / かえります
Nihon e nihongo o benkyō shi ni kimashita
I came to Japan to study Japanese.

The "stem" is simply the ます-form minus ます: たべます → たべ, のみます → のみ. So たべに いきます means "I'm going to eat". You will use this stem again in Chapter 11 for 〜たいです and 〜ましょう.

5. When and how often

Time words go before the verb, normally right after the topic. Remember from Chapter 5 that に follows specific times but not relative ones.

TimeWords
now / relative to today today · tomorrow · yesterday · this morning · tonight · last week · this week · next week
every ... every day · every morning · every evening/night · every week
How oftenWordExample
always itsumo I always drink coffee.
often yoku I often watch films.
sometimes tokidoki I sometimes cook.
not often (+ negative) amari I don't drink much alcohol.
never (+ negative) zenzen I never smoke.

A typical sentence puts the pieces in this order: topic, time, place, object, verb: watashi wa maiasa uchi de kōhī o nomimasu ("I drink coffee at home every morning").

🗣️ In Use — つかいかた

The ます-form in real exchanges. Read each aloud.

① A daily routine

A: Maiasa nanji ni okimasu ka. What time do you get up every morning?
B: Shichiji ni okimasu. Sorekara kōhī o nomimasu. I get up at seven. Then I drink coffee.

② Last weekend

A: Shūmatsu wa nani o shimashita ka. What did you do at the weekend?
B: Tomodachi to eiga o mi ni ikimashita. I went to see a film with a friend.

③ How often?

A: Yoku ryōri o shimasu ka. Do you often cook?
B: Iie, amari shimasen. Tokidoki shimasu. No, not much. I sometimes do.

📋 Quick Reference

IdeaHowExample
Group 2 (る-verbs)drop る + ます
Group 1 (u-verbs)u-row → i-row + ます
Group 3 (irregular)learn two
Negativeます → ません
Pastます → ました
Past negativeます → ませんでした
Going to donoun / verb stem + に いきます
Frequencyいつも · よく · ときどき · あまり ~ない · ぜんぜん ~ない

✍️ Practice — れんしゅう

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Give the ます-form of , , and .

Show answer

. (かえる is a Group 1 exception.)

2. Which group: , , ?

Show answer

みる is Group 2 (i before る); かう is Group 1; くる is Group 3 (irregular).

3. Make negative:

Show answer

4. Make past: and past negative:

Show answer

and .

5. Say "I didn't eat breakfast this morning."

Show answer

6. Say "I never drink coffee."

Show answer

(ぜんぜん needs a negative.)

7. Say "I'm going to Tokyo to meet a friend."

Show answer

8. Say "I go shopping on Saturdays."

Show answer

9. Correct:

Show answer

Yesterday needs the past form.

10. Why is not in the ます-form?

Show answer

かえる looks like Group 2 but belongs to Group 1 (an exception), so it becomes かえります.

Coming up in Chapter 9: Adjectives: i and na. The two adjective types in the present, negative and past, joining with 〜くて / 〜で, adjectives before nouns, とても and あまり, and the pattern AはBが〜です.