This, That & Where

Japanese Grammar 1

Chapter 7 ยท This, That & Where: Demonstratives, Existence and Place

๐Ÿ“ This, That and Where โ€” ใ“ใ‚Œใƒปใใ‚Œใƒปใ‚ใ‚Œใƒปใฉใ‚Œ

How do you point at things, ask where they are, and say what is where? This chapter has two parts. The first is the neat family of "this / that / which" words that all follow one pattern, the ko-so-a-do series. The second is existence: ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ for things, ใ„ใพใ™ for people and animals, and the words for position (ใ†ใˆ, ใ—ใŸ, ใชใ‹, ใจใชใ‚Š).

The rule in one box Every pointing word starts with one of four sounds: ko- (near me), so- (near you), a- (far from both), do- (which?). Add a fixed ending to get this one (-re), this ... (-no), here (-ko) or this way / polite (-chira). For existence use ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ (things) and ใ„ใพใ™ (people, animals): PLACE ใซ THING ใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ / ใ„ใพใ™.

1. The ko-so-a-do table

ko-
near me
so-
near you
a-
far from both
do-
which?
thing (pronoun)
-re

kore this one

sore that one

are that one over there

dore which one?
before a noun
-no

kono this ...

sono that ...

ano that ... over there

dono which ...?
place
-ko

koko here

soko there

asoko over there

doko where?
direction / polite
-chira

kochira

sochira

achira

dochira

ใ“ใ‚Œ is alone, ใ“ใฎ needs a noun

JapaneseSay itEnglish
kore wa hon desuThis is a book.
kono hon wa watashi no desuThis book is mine.
sore wa nan desu kaWhat is that (near you)?
ano hito wa dare desu kaWho is that person over there?
dore ga Tanaka-san no kasa desu kaWhich one is Mr Tanaka's umbrella?
Watch out: you cannot say ใ“ใ‚Œใฎ ใปใ‚“ ใ“ใ‚Œ stands alone as a pronoun ("this one"). Before a noun, use ใ“ใฎ: ใ“ใฎ ใปใ‚“, ใใฎ ใ‹ใฐใ‚“, ใ‚ใฎ ใ„ใˆ. Compare: ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใปใ‚“ใงใ™ but ใ“ใฎ ใปใ‚“ใฏ. The same difference exists between ใใ‚Œ and ใใฎ, and ใ‚ใ‚Œ and ใ‚ใฎ.

When is it ใ and when is it ใ‚?

The ko / so / a choice depends on distance from the speaker and listener. So is also the word for something the other person just mentioned, even if it is far away: A: ใใฎใ† ใˆใ„ใŒใ‚’ ใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚B: ใใ‚Œใฏ ใฉใ‚“ใช ใˆใ„ใŒใงใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€‚ ("A: I saw a film yesterday. B: What kind of film was it?"). A is used for things both of you know, but are not present.

Pointing at people: use ใ“ใกใ‚‰ ใ“ใ‚Œ is for things; pointing at a person with it is rude. To introduce someone politely, say ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฏ ใŸใชใ‹ใ•ใ‚“ใงใ™ ("This is Mr Tanaka"). For a person you point to at a distance, ใ‚ใฎ ใฒใจ or the more polite ใ‚ใฎ ใ‹ใŸ works.

2. ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ and ใ„ใพใ™: existence

Japanese has two verbs for "there is, exists", chosen by what exists:

VerbUse forNegativePastPast negative
ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
arimasu
things, plants, events (non-moving)
ใ„ใพใ™
imasu
people and animals (moving, alive)

Two patterns

The same fact can be said in two shapes, depending on what you want to emphasise:

PatternUseExample
PLACE ใซ THING ใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ / ใ„ใพใ™introduce what is in a place (new information); answers "what is there?"
tsukue no ue ni hon ga arimasu
There is a book on the desk.
THING ใฏ PLACE ใซ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ / ใ„ใพใ™say where a known thing is; answers "where is it?"
hon wa tsukue no ue ni arimasu
The book is on the desk.
QuestionAnswer
(What is here?) (There is a book.)
(Where is the book?) (On the desk.)
(Who is here?) (Anna is.)
Watch out: trees are ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™, cats are ใ„ใพใ™ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ is for things that don't move on their own, so ใ (tree) and ใฏใช (flower) take ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™: ใ“ใ†ใˆใ‚“ใซ ใใŒ ใŸใใ•ใ‚“ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™. Anything that moves by itself (a cat, a bird, a person, an insect) takes ใ„ใพใ™. Events (ใ‹ใ„ใŽใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ "there is a meeting") and possession (ใใ‚‹ใพใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™, "I have a car") also use ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™.
Watch out: ใซ with existence, ใง with action As in Chapter 5: where a thing is, use ใซ (ใธใ‚„ใซ ใญใ“ใŒ ใ„ใพใ™); where an action happens, use ใง (ใธใ‚„ใง ใญใ“ใจ ใ‚ใใณใพใ™). A meeting taking place somewhere is an exception: ใ‹ใ„ใŽใฏ ใ‹ใ„ใŽใ—ใคใง ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ("The meeting is held in the meeting room").

3. Words for position

Japanese has no prepositions. Position words are nouns, and they follow the reference object with ใฎ: [object] ใฎ [position word] ใซ.

PositionJapaneseExample
on, above ue on the table
under, below shita under the chair
inside naka in the bag
outside soto outside the house
in front of mae in front of the station
behind ushiro behind the door
next to (a thing of the same kind) tonari next to the bank
beside yoko beside the bed
near chikaku near the station
between aida between the bank and the post office
left / right hidari / migi it's on the right

A few examples with ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ and ใ„ใพใ™

JapaneseEnglish

kaban no naka ni saifu ga arimasu
There is a wallet in the bag.

isu no shita ni neko ga imasu
There is a cat under the chair.

eki no tonari ni konbini ga arimasu
There is a convenience store next to the station.

kลen wa eki no chikaku ni arimasu
The park is near the station.

When the question is only "where is X?", you can also use ใงใ™ instead of ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™: eki wa doko desu ka. โ€” asoko desu ("Where is the station? โ€” Over there.").

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ In Use โ€” ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

Pointing and placing in real exchanges. Read each aloud.

โ‘  What's this?

A: Sore wa nan desu ka. What is that?
B: Kore wa kasa desu. Ano kasa wa Tanaka-san no desu. This is an umbrella. That one over there is Mr Tanaka's.

โ‘ก Asking the way

A: Sumimasen, ginkล wa doko desu ka. Excuse me, where is the bank?
B: Eki no tonari ni arimasu. Asoko desu. It's next to the station. Over there.

โ‘ข In the bag

A: Kaban no naka ni nani ga arimasu ka. What is in the bag?
B: Hon to saifu ga arimasu. Neko wa imasen. There's a book and a wallet. There's no cat.

๐Ÿ“‹ Quick Reference

IdeaPatternExample
This / that oneใ“ใ‚Œ ยท ใใ‚Œ ยท ใ‚ใ‚Œ ยท ใฉใ‚Œ
This / that + nounใ“ใฎ ยท ใใฎ ยท ใ‚ใฎ ยท ใฉใฎ + N
Here / there / whereใ“ใ“ ยท ใใ“ ยท ใ‚ใใ“ ยท ใฉใ“
Introduce what is therePLACE ใซ THING ใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ / ใ„ใพใ™
Say where it isTHING ใฏ PLACE ใซ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ / ใ„ใพใ™
PositionN ใฎ ใ†ใˆ / ใ—ใŸ / ใชใ‹ / ใจใชใ‚Š ใซ

โœ๏ธ Practice โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Choose ใ“ใ‚Œ or ใ“ใฎ:

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ใ“ใฎ: before a noun, use ใ“ใฎ.

2. You point at something near your listener. Ask "What is that?"

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3. Say "Where is the station?" in two ways.

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and

4. Choose ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ or ใ„ใพใ™: and

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ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ for the tree (it doesn't move on its own); ใ„ใพใ™ for the cat.

5. Say "There is a wallet in the bag."

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6. Say "The cat is under the chair."

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7. Say "The bank is next to the station."

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8. Ask "Who is here?" and answer "Anna is."

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/

9. Introduce Mr Tanaka politely: "This is Mr Tanaka."

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(not ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ)

10. Say "Nobody is here" (ใ ใ‚Œใ‚‚ + negative).

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Coming up in Chapter 8: Polite Verbs: the ใพใ™-form. The verb in full: present, negative, past and past negative, the three verb groups in outline, ใ€œใซ ใ„ใใพใ™, time expressions, and the dictionary form as your reference.