Customs & Festivals

Japanese Basic Conversation 3

Chapter 11 ยท Customs, Festivals & Traditions

๐ŸŽŽ Customs & Festivals โ€” ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใ‹ใ‚“ใจ ใŠใพใคใ‚Š

Japanese life follows a calendar of festivals and customs: New Year visits to shrines, cherry-blossom parties in spring, a doll display in March, summer fireworks and the Obon holiday in August. This chapter lets you talk about them and about the rules of everyday life, using ใ€œใ“ใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ ("it is the custom / the rule that..."), ใ€œใงใฏ for describing customs in general, and the three giving-and-receiving verbs ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹, ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†, ใใ‚Œใ‚‹. Dialog lines have no romaji; a Hard words note gives readings.

โ‘  New Year โ€” ใŠใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใค

A: What is the Japanese New Year like?
B: On 1 January the family goes for the first shrine visit.
A: What do you eat at New Year?
B: We eat osechi dishes and rice cakes.
A: What do children get?
B: They get New Year money gifts. They look forward to it.
Hard words: ใ‚ˆใ†ใ™ yลsu ("state, how it is") ยท ใฏใคใ‚‚ใ†ใง hatsumลde ("first shrine visit") ยท ใŠใ›ใกใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚Š osechi ryลri ("New Year dishes") ยท ใŠใ‚‚ใก o-mochi ("rice cake") ยท ใŠใจใ—ใ ใพ o-toshidama ("New Year money gift") ยท ใŸใฎใ—ใฟใซ tanoshimi ni ("look forward to")

โ‘ก Cherry Blossoms โ€” ใฏใชใฟ

A: Shall we go cherry-blossom viewing this Saturday?
B: Good idea. Are the cherry blossoms out yet?
A: Yes, the news said they're in full bloom.
B: Then let's take lunch boxes and drinks.
A: And don't forget the blue sheet.
B: Yes. Let's be sure to take our rubbish home.
Hard words: ใฏใชใฟ hanami ("flower viewing") ยท ใ•ใ„ใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ใ‹ saite imasu ka ("are they in bloom?", from ใ•ใ) ยท ใพใ‚“ใ‹ใ„ mankai ("full bloom") ยท ใƒ–ใƒซใƒผใ‚ทใƒผใƒˆ burลซ shฤซto ("plastic sheet to sit on") ยท ใ‚‚ใกใ‹ใˆใ‚‹ mochikaeru ("take home")

โ‘ข Rules and Customs โ€” ใ“ใจใซ ใชใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™

A: What do you do with your shoes in a Japanese house?
B: The custom is to take them off in the entrance hall.
A: In this dormitory, by what time do we have to return?
B: The rule is to be back by 11.
A: May I cook in my room?
B: No, the rule is that we don't cook in the rooms.
Hard words: ใ’ใ‚“ใ‹ใ‚“ genkan ("entrance hall") ยท ใฌใ nugu ("take off") ยท ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ† ryล ("dormitory") ยท ใ€œใ“ใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ -koto ni natte imasu ("it is the rule that")

โ‘ฃ Visiting with a Gift โ€” ใŠใฟใ‚„ใ’

A: Excuse me for coming in. This is just a small thing.
B: Oh, thank you. Please come in.
A: They're British sweets.
B: I'm happy. I'll give you something in return later.
A: No, no, please don't worry about it.
Hard words: ใŠใ˜ใ‚ƒใพใ—ใพใ™ ojama shimasu ("excuse the intrusion") ยท ใคใพใ‚‰ใชใ„ ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใŒ tsumaranai mono desu ga ("it's only a trifle") ยท ใŠใ‚ใŒใ‚Š ใใ ใ•ใ„ o-agari kudasai ("please come up") ยท ใŠใ‹ใˆใ— o-kaeshi ("a gift in return") ยท ใใซ ใ—ใชใ„ใง ki ni shinaide ("don't worry")

โ‘ค The Doll Festival โ€” ใฒใชใพใคใ‚Š

A: 3 March is the Doll Festival.
B: What kind of festival is it?
A: It's a festival for girls. People display dolls at home.
B: Until when do you display them?
A: The custom is to put them away as soon as 3 March is over.
Hard words: ใฒใชใพใคใ‚Š hinamatsuri ("Doll Festival") ยท ใŠใ‚“ใชใฎ ใ“ onna no ko ("girl") ยท ใฒใชใซใ‚“ใŽใ‚‡ใ† hina ningyล ("hina dolls") ยท ใ‹ใ–ใ‚Šใพใ™ kazarimasu ("display, decorate") ยท ใ‹ใŸใฅใ‘ใ‚‹ katazukeru ("tidy away")

โ‘ฅ Between Friends (casual) โ€” ใจใ‚‚ใ ใกใจ

A: Want to go to the fireworks display this weekend?
B: Yes! I wonder whether to wear a yukata.
A: Nice. My grandma gave me a yukata.
B: Lucky you. I'll wear a yukata to the summer festival too!
Hard words: ใฏใชใณใŸใ„ใ‹ใ„ hanabi taikai ("fireworks display") ยท ใ‚†ใ‹ใŸ yukata ("summer kimono") ยท ใใฆ ใ„ใ“ใ† kite ikล ("wear and go") ยท ใใ‚ŒใŸ kureta (plain past of ใใ‚Œใพใ™) ยท ใชใคใพใคใ‚Š natsu-matsuri ("summer festival")

๐Ÿ”‘ Key Phrases โ€” ใ ใ„ใ˜ใช ใฒใ‚‡ใ†ใ’ใ‚“

EnglishPolite (ใงใ™ / ใพใ™)Casual (friends)
Happy New Year!
Akemashite omedetล gozaimasu.

Ake ome!
The custom is to take shoes off.
Kutsu o nugu koto ni natte imasu.

Kutsu wa nugu kimari.
It's only a small gift.
Tsumaranai mono desu ga.

Kore, omiyage.
Excuse me for entering.
Ojama shimasu.

Ojamฤ.
In Japan, people eat soba at New Year's Eve.
Nihon de wa ลmisoka ni soba o tabemasu.

Nihon de wa ลmisoka ni soba taberu.
I'm looking forward to it.
Tanoshimi ni shite imasu.

Tanoshimi!

๐Ÿ”ค Three Verbs โ€” ใฉใ†ใ—

VerbPolitePlainใชใ„-formใŸ-formใฆ-form
to celebrate (ใ„ใ‚ใ†, G1)
iwaimasu

iwau

iwawanai

iwatta

iwatte
to decorate, display (ใ‹ใ–ใ‚‹, G1)
kazarimasu

kazaru

kazaranai

kazatta

kazatte
to welcome (ใ‚€ใ‹ใˆใ‚‹, G2)
mukaemasu

mukaeru

mukaenai

mukaeta

mukaete

๐Ÿงฐ Grammar Tools โ€” ใถใ‚“ใฝใ†

1. ใ€œใ“ใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใ„ใพใ™: "it is the rule / custom that..."

Put the plain form before ใ“ใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ to say that something is a rule, a custom or an arrangement that was set by someone else (a company, a household, society): "The custom is to take shoes off in the entrance." Use the ใชใ„-form for "it is the rule not to...":

PatternMeaningExample
plain form + ใ“ใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใ„ใพใ™it is the rule / custom
ใชใ„-form + ใ“ใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใ„ใพใ™it is the rule not to
plain form + ใ“ใจใซ ใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸit has been decided (by others) (recognise)
plain form + ใ“ใจใซ ใ—ใพใ—ใŸI decided to (recognise)

You can also use ใ€œใ“ใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใ„ใพใ™ for a plan that has been fixed: "The meeting is scheduled for 10." The next chapters do not require it, but you will hear it often in company life and in rules posted in buildings.

2. Describing customs in general: ใ€œใงใฏ

To talk about customs without saying who does them, use the plain ใพใ™-form with a topic phrase such as ใซใปใ‚“ใงใฏ ("in Japan") or ใ‚ใŸใ—ใฎ ใใซใงใฏ ("in my country"): "In Japan, people eat rice cake at New Year." There is no passive needed: the sentence just says "(they) eat". To hedge, add ใ€œใ“ใจใŒ ใŠใŠใ„ใงใ™ ("it is often the case that...") or ใ€œใ“ใจใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ ("sometimes").

PatternExample
place/country + ใงใฏ + verb
ใ€œใ“ใจใŒ ใŠใŠใ„ใงใ™ (Often people eat soba.)
ใ€œใ“ใจใŒ ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ (Sometimes people wear kimono.)
comparing countries
"it is said" (recognise) (a passive form: Japanese Grammar covers it)

3. Giving and receiving: ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹, ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†, ใใ‚Œใ‚‹

Japanese has three verbs for giving and receiving, chosen by the direction of the gift. All three are used with ใ‚’ for the thing and ใซ or ใ‹ใ‚‰ for the other person:

VerbDirectionExample
(give)I give to someone else I gave a friend a present.
(receive)I receive from someone I received a present from a friend.
(give to me)someone gives to me (or my side) A friend gave me a present.

Compare: ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ goes out from you, ใใ‚Œใ‚‹ comes toward you, and ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ† is you receiving (the giver takes ใซ or ใ‹ใ‚‰). The last two can describe the same event from two angles: You have already seen ใ€œใฆ ใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ in Chapter 7 (ใŸใ™ใ‘ใฆ ใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ, "kindly helped me") and ใ€œใฆ ใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ in Chapter 5: the same verb, used for favours.

Watch out: ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ is not for gifts to you A gift to you is always ใใ‚Œใ‚‹, never ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹: ใจใ‚‚ใ ใกใŒ ใ‚ใŸใ—ใซ ใƒ—ใƒฌใ‚ผใƒณใƒˆใ‚’ ใใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ. Saying ใ‚ใ’ใพใ—ใŸ there would mean you gave it. And to give something to a superior, the polite verb is ใ•ใ—ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ (recognise); in speech, plain ใ‚ใ’ใพใ™ is acceptable between equals.

4. The festival year

FestivalWhenWhat happens
1 Janshrine visits, ใŠใ›ใก, ใŠใจใ—ใ ใพ
about 3 Febbeans are thrown to drive away bad luck
3 Mardolls displayed for girls
late Mar to Aprpicnics under cherry blossoms
5 Maychildren's day, carp streamers
7 Julwishes on paper strips
mid-Augremembering ancestors, dancing, travel
15 Novchildren aged 3, 5 and 7 visit shrines
31 Decsoba, temple bells at midnight

๐Ÿ“ฐ Reading โ€” ใ‚ˆใฟใ‚‚ใฎ

A short text. Kanji appear with the reading in brackets. Read it, then answer the true/false questions below.

ใซใปใ‚“ใฎ ใŠใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใค

The Japanese New Year is on 1 January. On the night of 31 December, people often eat soba and listen to the temple bell. At New Year they eat osechi dishes. They go to a shrine and make a wish for the year. Children receive New Year money gifts. It is the custom to send New Year cards to friends and family. I haven't written my New Year cards yet.

Words: ใ‹ใญ kane (bell) ยท ใใ kiku (hear, listen) ยท ใญใŒใ„ใ‚’ ใ™ใ‚‹ negai o suru (make a wish) ยท ใญใ‚“ใŒใ˜ใ‚‡ใ† nengajล (New Year card) ยท ใพใ  ใ€œใฆ ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ mada -te imasen (not yet)

1. The Japanese New Year is on 1 January.

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True: ใŠใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใคใฏ 1ๆœˆ1ๆ—ฅใงใ™.

2. On 31 December people often eat osechi dishes.

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False: they often eat soba on 31 December; osechi is for New Year itself.

3. Children receive ใŠใจใ—ใ ใพ.

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True: ใ“ใฉใ‚‚ใŸใกใฏ ใŠใจใ—ใ ใพใ‚’ ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใพใ™.

4. The writer has already written their New Year cards.

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False: ใพใ  ใญใ‚“ใŒใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚’ ใ‹ใ„ใฆ ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ (not yet).

๐Ÿ“– Vocabulary โ€” ใ”ใ„

20 key words for customs and festivals. Common kanji appear in brackets.

#JapaneseRomajiEnglishType
1o-shลgatsuNew Yearnoun
2o-matsurifestivalnoun
3hanamiflower viewingnoun
4sakuracherry blossomnoun
5hinamatsuriDoll Festival (3 Mar)noun
6o-bonObon (ancestors' festival)noun
7hatsumลdefirst shrine visit of the yearnoun
8osechi ryลriNew Year dishesnoun
9o-toshidamaNew Year money giftnoun
10nengajลNew Year cardnoun
11purezentopresentnoun
12shลซkancustom, habitnoun
13dentลtraditionnoun
14gyลjievent, annual eventnoun
15iwaimasucelebrateverb
16kazarimasudecorate, displayverb
17mukaemasuwelcome; greetverb
18agemasugive (to others)verb
19moraimasureceiveverb
20kuremasugive (to me)verb
Real Japanese Tip โ€” Hanami Manners People often mark a picnic spot early with a plastic sheet, and the cherry-blossom season (the date moves from south to north, and is forecast on the news) draws large crowds in parks. Take your rubbish home, keep noise reasonable and check the park's rules about alcohol and fires. At night some parks light up the trees for ใ‚ˆใ–ใใ‚‰ (night blossoms).
Real Japanese Tip โ€” Gifts and Visiting a Home When invited to a Japanese home, bring a small gift of food (sweets, fruit) from your own region and hand it over with ใคใพใ‚‰ใชใ„ ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใŒ ("it's only a trifle", modest by custom, not literal). Remove your shoes in the ใ’ใ‚“ใ‹ใ‚“ and point them toward the door. Gifts often receive a return gift (ใŠใ‹ใˆใ—) of roughly half the value. Wrapping matters, and some people avoid sets of four items. Gifts are presented and received with both hands.
Kanji Spotlight โ€” ็ซ and ๆœˆ ่Šฑ็ซ (hanabi, fireworks) is "flower + fire": ็ซ (hi, ka, fire). ๆœˆ (tsuki, getsu, gatsu, moon, month) is in ใŠๆญฃๆœˆ (o-shลgatsu, New Year) and in every month name: 1ๆœˆ = ใ„ใกใŒใค. Have a look: ็ซ โ–ธ ยท ๆœˆ โ–ธ

โœ๏ธ Try It Yourself โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Say each answer out loud first, then click to check.

1. Say "In Japan, people take their shoes off in the entrance hall."

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(or: ใฌใ ใ“ใจใซ ใชใฃใฆ ใ„ใพใ™)

2. Say "In this building, the rule is not to smoke."

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3. A friend gave you a present. Say it in Japanese, then say that you gave your friend a present.

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4. Hand over a gift when visiting a Japanese house, and say the entry phrase.

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5. Greet someone on 1 January, and say "I look forward to this year too."

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6. Ask a friend casually "Shall we go to the cherry-blossom viewing?"

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