Describing Things
Japanese Basic Conversation 2
Chapter 4 ยท Describing People & Things
๐จ Describing People & Things โ ใฒใจใจ ใใฎใฎ ใใใ
Adjectives let you say what people, places and things are like. Japanese has two kinds, and each behaves differently: ใ-adjectives (which end in ใ and change their ending) and ใช-adjectives (which stay as they are and take ใช before a noun). This chapter teaches both, with their negatives, with ใจใฆใ and ใใพใ, and with the pattern that Japanese uses all the time to describe someone's features: ใใฏ ใใ ใใงใ. It is the last chapter in this course where the dialogs carry a romaji line.
โ Describing a Friend โ ใจใใ ใก
โก Describing a City โ ใพใก
โข Looking at a Camera โ ใซใกใฉ
โฃ A Famous Person โ ใใใใใช ใฒใจ
โค Family Features โ ใใใ
โฅ Between Friends (casual) โ ใจใใ ใกใจ
๐ Key Phrases โ ใ ใใใช ใฒใใใใ
| English | Polite (ใงใ / ใพใ) | Casual (friends) |
|---|---|---|
| What kind of person / place is it? | ใฉใใช ใฒใจ / ใจใใใงใใใ Donna hito / tokoro desu ka. | ใฉใใช ใฒใจ / ใจใใ? Donna hito / tokoro? |
| It's very big. | ใจใฆใ ใใใใใงใใ Totemo ลkii desu. | ใใใ ใใใใใ Sugoku ลkii. |
| It's not very expensive. | ใใพใ ใใใใชใใงใใ Amari takakunai desu. | ใใพใ ใใใใชใใ Amari takakunai. |
| It's not quiet. | ใใใใใ ใใใพใใใ Shizuka ja arimasen. | ใใใใใ ใชใใ Shizuka ja nai. |
| Really? | ใปใใจใใงใใใ Hontล desu ka. | ใปใใจ? Honto? |
| What a nice (person)! | ใใ ใฒใจใงใใญใ Ii hito desu ne. | ใใ ใฒใจใ ใญใ Ii hito da ne. |
๐ค Three Verbs โ ใฉใใ
Verbs that often go with description. The plain form is for recognition for now.
| Verb | Polite (present) | Negative | Plain (dictionary) |
|---|---|---|---|
| to speak; talk (ใฏใชใ) | ใฏใชใใพใ hanashimasu | ใฏใชใใพใใ hanashimasen | ใฏใชใ hanasu |
| to be, exist (things) (ใใ) | ใใใพใ arimasu | ใใใพใใ arimasen | ใใ aru |
| to be, exist (people) (ใใ) | ใใพใ imasu | ใใพใใ imasen | ใใ iru |
๐งฐ Grammar Tools โ ใถใใฝใ
1. ใ-adjectives
An ใ-adjective ends in ใ. It can stand before a noun as it is (ใใใ ใใซ, "a tall building") or end a sentence with ใงใ for politeness (ใใซใฏ ใใใใงใ). To make it negative, drop ใ and add ใใชใใงใ.
| Adjective | Before a noun | Polite present | Polite negative |
|---|---|---|---|
| tall; expensive | ใใใ ใใซ | ใใใใงใ | ใใใใชใใงใ takakunai desu |
| big | ใใใใ ใใ | ใใใใใงใ | ใใใใใชใใงใ ลkikunai desu |
| new | ใใใใใ ใใค | ใใใใใใงใ | ใใใใใใชใใงใ atarashikunai desu |
| good (exception) | ใใ ใฒใจ | ใใใงใ | ใใใชใใงใ yokunai desu |
ใใ ("good") is irregular: in every form except the plain present it becomes ใ-. So the negative is ใใใชใใงใ, never ใใใชใใงใ.
2. ใช-adjectives
A ใช-adjective does not change. It takes ใช before a noun (ใใใใช ใพใก) and ใงใ at the end (ใพใกใฏ ใใใใงใ). Its negative is ใใ ใใใพใใ (or ใใ ใชใใงใ, a little more casual).
| Adjective | Before a noun | Polite present | Polite negative |
|---|---|---|---|
| quiet | ใใใใช ใพใก | ใใใใงใ | ใใใใใ ใใใพใใ shizuka ja arimasen |
| lively | ใซใใใใช ใจใใ | ใซใใใใงใ | ใซใใใใใ ใใใพใใ nigiyaka ja arimasen |
| famous | ใใใใใช ใฒใจ | ใใใใใงใ | ใใใใใใ ใใใพใใ yลซmei ja arimasen |
| kind | ใใใใคใช ใฒใจ | ใใใใคใงใ | ใใใใคใใ ใใใพใใ shinsetsu ja arimasen |
3. ใจใฆใ, ใใใ, ใใพใ, ใใใใ
These adverbs stand just before the adjective and tell you how much:
| Word | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใจใฆใ totemo | very | ใจใฆใ ใใใใใงใใ |
| ใใใ / ใกใใฃใจ sukoshi / chotto | a little | ใใใ ใใใใงใใ |
| ใใพใ amari | not very (with a negative) | ใใพใ ใใใใชใใงใใ |
| ใใใใ zenzen | not at all (with a negative) | ใใใใ ใใใใใ ใใใพใใใ |
So the set phrase from Chapter 2, ใใพใ ใใใใ ใใใพใใ, is simply ใใพใ + a ใช-adjective in the negative.
4. ใใฏ ใใ ใใงใ: topic, feature, description
To describe a part or feature of something, Japanese uses two marked words: the topic with ใฏ and the feature with ใ, then the adjective. ใกใกใฏ ใใ ใใใใงใใ literally means "As for my father, the height is tall". The classic example is the elephant: ใใใฏ ใฏใชใ ใชใใใงใใ "Elephants have long trunks."
| Sentence | Meaning |
|---|---|
| ใใชใใใใฏ ใใฟใ ใชใใใงใใ Tanaka-san wa kami ga nagai desu. | Tanaka has long hair. |
| ใใฎ ใพใกใฏ ใใใใใ ใใใใใงใใ Kono machi wa kลen ga ลkii desu. | In this city, the parks are big. |
| ใฏใฏใฏ ใใใใใ ใใใใใงใใ Haha wa ryลri ga jลzu desu. | My mother is good at cooking. |
5. ใฉใใช and ใฉใใงใใ
ใฉใใช + noun asks what type: ใฉใใช ใฒใจใงใใใ ใฉใใงใใ asks for an impression: ใซใปใใใฏ ใฉใใงใใใ "How is Japanese?"
6. Opposites
| Pair | Japanese |
|---|---|
| tall / low | ใใใ / ใฒใใ |
| long / short | ใชใใ / ใฟใใใ |
| big / small | ใใใใ / ใกใใใ |
| new / old (things) | ใใใใใ / ใตใใ |
| expensive / cheap | ใใใ / ใใใ |
| difficult / easy | ใใใใใ / ใใใใ |
| lively / quiet | ใซใใใ / ใใใ |
๐ Vocabulary โ ใใ
20 key words for describing people, places and things.
| # | Japanese | Romaji | English | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ใใใ | takai | tall; expensive | i-adj. |
| 2 | ใฒใใ | hikui | low | i-adj. |
| 3 | ใชใใ | nagai | long | i-adj. |
| 4 | ใฟใใใ | mijikai | short (length) | i-adj. |
| 5 | ใใใใ | ลkii | big | i-adj. |
| 6 | ใกใใใ | chiisai | small | i-adj. |
| 7 | ใใใใใ | atarashii | new | i-adj. |
| 8 | ใตใใ | furui | old (things) | i-adj. |
| 9 | ใใใ | yasui | cheap | i-adj. |
| 10 | ใใใใใ | muzukashii | difficult | i-adj. |
| 11 | ใใใใ | yasashii | easy; gentle | i-adj. |
| 12 | ใใใใใ | omoshiroi | interesting, funny | i-adj. |
| 13 | ใใใ | shizuka | quiet | na-adj. |
| 14 | ใซใใใ | nigiyaka | lively, busy | na-adj. |
| 15 | ใใใ | genki | well, lively | na-adj. |
| 16 | ใใใใ | yลซmei | famous | na-adj. |
| 17 | ใใใใค | shinsetsu | kind | na-adj. |
| 18 | ใใใ | kirei | pretty; clean | na-adj. |
| 19 | ใฒใจ | hito | person | noun |
| 20 | ใพใก | machi | town, city | noun |
โ๏ธ Try It Yourself โ ใใใใ ใ
Say each answer out loud first, then click to check.
1. Say "This city is very big."
Show answer
ใใฎ ใพใกใฏ ใจใฆใ ใใใใใงใใ
2. Make the negative: ใใใใงใ (expensive).
Show answer
ใใใใชใใงใใ Drop ใ, add ใใชใใงใ.
3. Make the negative: ใใใใงใ (quiet).
Show answer
ใใใใใ ใใใพใใใ
4. Say "It's not very good" using ใใ.
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ใใพใ ใใใชใใงใใ ใใ becomes ใใ-.
5. Say "She is a kind person" (use ใใใใค).
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ใใใใคใช ใฒใจใงใใ ใช goes before the noun.
6. Say "My father is tall" with the ใใฏ ใใ ใใงใ pattern.
Show answer
ใกใกใฏ ใใ ใใใใงใใ