Exercise 2: Applying Popper's Question to a Real Claim — Possible Solution
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This exercise has no single correct claim to analyze - the point is
applying the falsifiability question honestly to something real. A
worked example, using "this new productivity app will make you more
efficient":

APPLYING POPPER'S QUESTION: What specific, real, measurable outcome
would prove this false? A genuinely falsifiable version might specify:
"Users who adopt this app will complete X% more tasks per week,
measured against a comparable group not using it, within a defined
time period." If that specific, measured outcome failed to occur, the
claim would be falsified.

As often stated in marketing material, though, the claim is usually
vague enough to survive almost any outcome: if a user doesn't feel
more efficient, this can always be attributed to "not using it
correctly," "needing more time to build the habit," or "already being
naturally efficient" - explanations that let the underlying claim
survive regardless of what actually happens, the same real pattern
Popper identified in psychoanalysis.

If a genuine, specific, checkable prediction genuinely can't be
identified - no real, defined outcome that would count as
disconfirmation - that's itself informative: it suggests the claim, as
stated, isn't currently in a form that could be tested at all, whether
or not there's some underlying real effect the claim is gesturing at
imprecisely.

ANSWER: (worked example) For "this app makes you more efficient," a
falsifiable version specifies a measurable outcome (e.g., X% more
tasks completed, measured against a comparable non-user group) that
could fail to occur. If no such specific, checkable prediction can be
identified - and any outcome can be explained away after the fact -
that reveals the claim isn't currently stated in a testable form,
regardless of whether some real effect might genuinely exist.

WHY THIS WORKS AS AN ANSWER
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This applies Popper's own real question to a genuine claim and
explains what it means, in either direction, when a clear falsifying
condition can or can't be identified.