Exercise 1: Social Desirability Risk in a Lunch-Break Survey — Possible Solution
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Taking a real lunch break (rather than working through it) carries an
implicit social-desirability signal in most modern workplace cultures:
employees may feel that reporting they skip breaks makes them look
more dedicated or hardworking, while reporting they consistently take
full breaks might feel like admitting to being less committed - or the
reverse could hold, depending on the specific workplace culture. Either
way, the behavior being asked about is one employees have a real,
plausible incentive to misreport in whichever direction looks better
to them, exactly the same underlying mechanism as the church
attendance case: self-reporting a behavior connected to social
approval tends to skew the self-report away from the real, actual
behavior.

Just as the real headcount in the church study revealed a gap the
survey alone could never have caught, a survey alone can't verify
whether reported lunch-break behavior matches actual behavior.

A genuine alternative or supplement: use an objective, non-self-
reported data source that doesn't rely on employees describing their
own behavior at all - for example, anonymized badge-swipe or building
access-log timestamps showing when employees actually leave and return
to their desks, or calendar/status data showing blocked "away" time.
This mirrors the church study's own physical headcount - direct
observation of the actual behavior, rather than employees reporting
on themselves.

ANSWER: Self-reporting lunch-break habits carries the same social-
desirability risk as self-reported church attendance, since employees
have a plausible incentive to describe their own behavior in whichever
direction seems more socially favorable rather than accurately. An
objective method like anonymized badge-swipe or access-log data, which
doesn't rely on self-report at all, would reduce that risk the same
way a real headcount did in the church study.

WHY THIS WORKS AS AN ANSWER
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This explains the specific social-desirability mechanism in the new
scenario by direct analogy to the chapter's own case, and proposes a
genuinely non-self-report alternative method, matching what was asked.