Clauses and Conjunctions

Spanish Grammar 4

Course 4 · Chapter 3 · The Subjunctive in Adverbial and Noun Clauses

🔗 Conjunctions and Clauses — Conjunciones y cláusulas

Spanish Grammar 4 2 used the subjunctive after verbs of wishing, feeling and doubting. This chapter adds the second great use: after conjunctions that introduce a clause of time, purpose, condition or concession (cuando, para que, aunque…). The choice depends on one question: is the event a known fact or habit (indicative), or is it still unrealised, hypothetical or unknown (subjunctive)?

The rule in one box Always subjunctive after conjunctions of purpose, restriction and prevention: para que, a menos que, sin que, antes de que, con tal de que. After time conjunctions (cuando, hasta que, después de que, en cuanto, tan pronto como) and aunque, use the indicative for a fact or habit and the subjunctive for something that has not happened yet or is uncertain.

Conjunctions that always take the subjunctive

ConjunctionMeaningExample
para queso that, in order thatTe lo explico para que lo entiendas. I'm explaining it so that you understand.
a menos queunlessIremos a la playa a menos que llueva. We'll go to the beach unless it rains.
sin quewithout (someone doing)Sale sin que nadie lo vea. He leaves without anyone seeing him.
antes de quebeforeLlámame antes de que salgas. Call me before you leave.
con tal de queprovided thatVoy con tal de que vengas tú también. I'll go provided you come too.
en caso de quein caseLleva paraguas en caso de que llueva. Take an umbrella in case it rains.

These are subjunctive every time, because the event they introduce is, by its very meaning, not yet real: the purpose may not be achieved, the exception may not happen, the "before" event has not yet occurred.

Watch out: same subject → preposition + infinitive As in Spanish Grammar 4 2, if the subject does not change, Spanish uses the preposition with an infinitive instead of que: Estudio para aprobar. (I study to pass) · Estudio para que mi hijo apruebe. (so that my son passes) · Llámame antes de salir. (before leaving) · Salió sin decir nada. (without saying a word). The pairs are para / para que, antes de / antes de que, sin / sin que, con tal de / con tal de que.

Time conjunctions: cuando, hasta que, después de que

ConjunctionHabit or past → indicativeFuture or unknown → subjunctive
cuando whenCuando llego a casa, ceno. When I get home, I have dinner. (habit)
Cuando llegué, estaba lloviendo. When I arrived, it was raining. (past)
Cuando llegue a casa, cenaré. When I get home, I'll have dinner.
hasta que untilEspero hasta que viene. I wait until he comes. (habit)Esperaré hasta que venga. I'll wait until he comes.
después de que afterDespués de que comimos, salimos. After we ate, we went out.Después de que comamos, saldremos. After we eat, we'll go out.
en cuanto, tan pronto como as soon asEn cuanto puedo, te llamo. As soon as I can, I call you. (habit)En cuanto pueda, te llamaré. As soon as I can, I'll call you.
The test for time clauses Ask: has it happened yet? If it is a habit or already happened, use the indicative. If it is still to come (typically with a future or a command in the main clause), use the subjunctive: Dímelo cuando sepas algo. (Tell me when you know something.)
Watch out: "when" in a question is not a conjunction ¿Cuándo vienes? (with an accent) is a question and takes the indicative. The conjunction cuando (no accent) is the one that triggers the subjunctive. Also, English "when I get home" (present) is Spanish cuando llegue (subjunctive), not llego, if the meaning is future.

Aunque: fact against possibility

Indicative: a factSubjunctive: a possibility or a matter of indifference
Aunque llueve, vamos a salir. Although it is raining, we're going out. (it is raining)Aunque llueva, vamos a salir. Even if it rains, we're going out. (it may or may not)
Aunque es caro, lo compro. Although it's expensive, I'll buy it. (I know it is)Aunque sea caro, lo compraré. Even if it's expensive, I'll buy it. (I don't know or don't care)

Certainty against uncertainty

The same principle applies to other conjunctions of manner and place:

ConjunctionIndicative: knownSubjunctive: unknown or not yet
como however, asLo hago como me enseñaron. I do it the way they taught me.Hazlo como quieras. Do it however you like.
donde whereVivo donde vive mi hermana. I live where my sister lives.Viviré donde haya trabajo. I'll live wherever there is work.
mientras while, as long asMientras trabajo, escucho música. While I work, I listen to music.Mientras tengas salud, todo irá bien. As long as you have your health, all will be well.

Por si acaso

Por si acaso means "just in case" and is used as a fixed expression, often alone: Llevo el paraguas, por si acaso. It can also introduce a full clause, with the indicative: Llevo el paraguas por si llueve. By contrast, en caso de que always takes the subjunctive: En caso de que llueva, lleva el paraguas.

Noun clauses: lo que and quienquiera

ExpressionMeaningExample
lo que (known)what, the thing thatLo que dices es verdad. What you say is true.
lo que (unknown)whateverHaz lo que quieras. Do whatever you want.
quienquiera quewhoever (formal, rare)Quienquiera que sea, no le abras. Whoever it is, don't open to them.
cualquiera quewhichever, whateverCualquiera que sea tu decisión, te apoyaré. Whatever your decision is, I'll support you.
dondequiera quewhereverDondequiera que vayas, te seguiré. Wherever you go, I'll follow you.
Latin America note The rules are the same in Spain and Latin America. Quienquiera, cualquiera que and dondequiera que belong mostly to writing and formal speech; in speech, sea quien sea, sea cual sea and vayas donde vayas are common alternatives.

🗣️ In Use — En situación

① Making plans

A:Cuando llegues a Madrid, llámame. Iré a buscarte a menos que tenga que trabajar.When you get to Madrid, call me. I'll come and pick you up unless I have to work.
B:Vale. Te llamaré en cuanto llegue. Llevo el móvil cargado por si acaso.OK. I'll call you as soon as I arrive. I've got my phone charged just in case.

② A bargain

A:Te presto el coche con tal de que me lo devuelvas antes de que cierre el garaje.I'll lend you the car provided you give it back before the garage closes.
B:Claro. Aunque haya mucho tráfico, llegaré a tiempo.Of course. Even if there's a lot of traffic, I'll arrive on time.

③ A decision

A:No sé qué hacer. ¿Qué piensas?I don't know what to do. What do you think?
B:Haz lo que quieras. Cualquiera que sea tu decisión, te apoyaré. Esperaré hasta que decidas.Do whatever you want. Whatever your decision is, I'll support you. I'll wait until you decide.

📋 Quick Reference — Resumen

TopicSummary
always subjunctivepara que, a menos que, sin que, antes de que, con tal de que, en caso de que
same subjectpara, antes de, sin, con tal de + infinitive
timecuando, hasta que, después de que, en cuanto: indicative (habit, past); subjunctive (future)
aunqueindicative = fact; subjunctive = "even if"
como, donde, mientrasindicative = known; subjunctive = unknown or whatever
por si acaso"just in case"; can take the indicative
lo que, quienquieraindicative = known; subjunctive = "whatever, whoever"

✏️ Try It Yourself — Ejercicios

Say the answer first, then click to check.

1. Complete: "Te llamo para que (saber, tú) la hora." · "Llámame antes de que (salir, tú)."

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sepas · salgas.

2. Infinitive or que? "Estudio para (aprobar / que apruebe) el examen." · "Estudia para (aprobar / que apruebe) su hijo."

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Estudio para aprobar el examen (same subject) · Estudia para que apruebe su hijo (different subjects).

3. Habit or future? "Cuando (llegar, yo) a casa, ceno." · "Cuando (llegar, yo) a casa, cenaré."

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llego (habit: indicative) · llegue (future: subjunctive).

4. Complete: "Esperaré hasta que (venir, ella)." · "Esperé hasta que (venir, ella)." (past)

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venga (future) · vino (past: indicative).

5. Complete: "En cuanto (poder, yo), te llamaré." · "Después de que (comer, nosotros), saldremos."

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pueda · comamos.

6. Fact or "even if"? "Aunque (llover), salgo." (it is raining now) · "Aunque (llover), saldré." (it may rain)

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Aunque llueve, salgo (fact) · Aunque llueva, saldré (possibility).

7. Complete: "Iremos a menos que (llover)." · "Voy con tal de que (venir, tú)."

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llueva · vengas.

8. Complete: "Haz lo que (querer, tú)." · "Dondequiera que (ir, tú), te seguiré."

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quieras · vayas.

9. Translate: "Call me when you arrive." · "I'll wait until you decide."

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Llámame cuando llegues. · Esperaré hasta que decidas.

10. Correct the mistakes: Cuando llego a Madrid, te llamaré. · Te lo digo para que lo sabes. · Salgo antes de que llueve. · Aunque sea tarde, ahora son las doce. · Haz lo que quieres.

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Cuando llegue a Madrid, te llamaré · Te lo digo para que lo sepas · Salgo antes de que llueva · Aunque es tarde, ahora son las doce (a fact: indicative) · Haz lo que quieras ("whatever you want").

Coming up in Chapter 4: The Imperfect Subjunctive and Si-Clauses. The -ra and -se forms; the endings from the ellos preterite stem; si + imperfect subjunctive with the conditional; real against unreal conditions; como si; polite quisiera / pudiera.