Exercise 1: WIP=4, Verified Against Little's Law — Possible Solution ==================================================================== RESULT ------------------------------ WIP=4: total_time=797, avg_cycle_time=158.7 Little's Law prediction (WIP / throughput): throughput = 20 / 797 = 0.02509 items/min predicted cycle time = 4 / 0.02509 = 159.4 Predicted: 159.4, Measured: 158.7 The measured cycle time (158.7) matches Little's Law's own prediction (159.4) within less than 1% - consistent with the small deviations the chapter's own table showed at every other WIP level tested. WHY THIS WORKS AS AN ANSWER ------------------------------ This extends the chapter's own verification to a WIP level it didn't explicitly test, confirming the relationship isn't a coincidence of the specific values chosen (2, 3, 5, 10, 20) - it holds at WIP=4 too, with the same small, consistent margin of error the chapter's own table showed elsewhere (a rounding/boundary effect from the simulation processing whole-minute steps, not a flaw in Little's Law itself, which is an idealized long-run average).