Challenge 1: Static Binding Without virtual — Possible Solution
====================================================================

#include <iostream>

class Shape {
public:
    double area() { return 0; }
};

class Circle : public Shape {
public:
    double radius;
    double area() { return 3.14159 * radius * radius; }
};

int main() {
    Shape *s = new Circle();
    static_cast<Circle*>(s)->radius = 5.0;

    std::cout << s->area() << std::endl;

    delete s;
    return 0;
}

Output:

    0

Report: even though s points at a genuine Circle object, calling
s->area() through the Shape* returns 0 -- Shape::area()'s own
implementation, not Circle::area()'s. This confirms the chapter's own
static-binding claim: without virtual, which function gets called is
decided at COMPILE TIME based on the POINTER's declared type (Shape*),
completely ignoring what kind of object it actually points to at
runtime.

WHY THIS WORKS AS AN ANSWER
------------------------------
This demonstrates the exact surprising behavior the chapter describes
(0, not the real circle area) using a genuinely constructed Circle
object accessed through a Shape* pointer, confirming static binding
concretely rather than just restating the definition.