linguistics1-2  Exercise 3: Four Sounds Beyond English
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  German ü in "über"       [y]   close front rounded vowel
      Nearest English: the "ee" of "see" said with rounded lips. Keep the
      tongue where it is for "ee" and round the lips as for "oo".

  Hungarian gy in "gyerek" [ɟ]   voiced palatal plosive
      Nearest English: the "d" of "duty" or "dew" said quickly, with the
      middle of the tongue against the hard palate. English has no exact
      equivalent, and learners usually substitute [dj] or [dʒ].

  Scots ch in "loch"       [x]   voiceless velar fricative
      Nearest English: none in most accents of English (which turn "loch"
      into "lock"), but Scots English has the sound, as does German in "Bach"
      and Esperanto ĥ.

  Esperanto ŭ in "aŭto"    [w]   voiced labial-velar approximant
      Nearest English: the "w" of "wet", used here as the second part of the
      diphthong in "aŭto" (roughly "OW-to", close to the "ow" of "how").

A useful way to think about it: for each sound, name its voicing, place and
manner, then find the English sound that differs in the smallest number of
those properties. The size of that difference predicts how hard it will be
for an English speaker to learn.