linguistics1-1  Exercise 1: Scoring Three Systems
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Features: arbitrariness, duality of patterning, displacement, productivity.

  System           Arbitrariness  Duality   Displacement  Productivity
  ---------------  -------------  --------  ------------  ------------
  Waggle dance     No             No        Partly        Partly
  Dog's growl      Partly         No        No            No
  Esperanto        Yes            Yes       Yes           Yes

Reasons for the "Partly" and the contested cells:

  Waggle dance, displacement: Partly. The dance gives the location of a
  food source that is some distance away, so it does refer to something not
  present. But it does this for one kind of message only (where food is).

  Waggle dance, productivity: Partly. The bee can vary direction, distance
  and quality, so a few new messages are possible. It cannot build new kinds
  of message, so it is not productive in the human sense.

  Waggle dance, arbitrariness: No. The angle and length of the dance
  resemble the direction and distance of the food, so the form is not a
  matter of convention.

  Dog's growl, arbitrariness: Partly. Low, rough sounds tend to go with
  threat across many species, so the form is not purely conventional.

  Esperanto: it is a full human language, so all four features are
  present. Its vocabulary is borrowed from existing languages, but the link
  between each word's sound and meaning is still conventional for speakers.

The point of the exercise is the pattern: human language has all four
features, and the animal systems have at most one or two, in limited form.