klingon_grammar1-1  Exercise 2: A Priori and A Posteriori
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A POSTERIORI: a constructed language that takes its words and grammar from
existing languages ("after experience").
A PRIORI: a constructed language built from scratch, not copied from
existing languages ("before experience").

  Esperanto   a posteriori: most words come from Romance and Germanic
              languages.
  Klingon     a priori: invented sounds, words and grammar, made to be unlike
              European languages.
  Toki Pona   a priori: a tiny language with about a hundred and twenty
              words, with its own roots. (Some of its words do come from
              existing languages, so it is not purely a priori; any
              reasoned answer that notes this is fine.)

Why changing Q to q changes the word:

  In the Latin spelling used for Klingon, q and Q stand for two different
  sounds. The language has more sounds than the alphabet has letters, so
  capitals are used for extra sounds. Swapping the letter swaps the sound,
  which gives a different word or a non-word, in the way that English
  "pat" and "bat" differ by one sound.