Humble Language

Japanese Grammar 4

Course 4 · Chapter 3 · Humble Language: 謙譲語

🙏 Humble Language — けんじょうご

Honorific language raises the other person. Humble language lowers you (and your group) so that the other person is raised by comparison. You use it for your own actions when they involve, affect or are directed at someone you respect: "I will wait for you", "I will take a look", "I will receive it". As in Chapter 2 there is a regular pattern and a list of special verbs, and the key is not to mix them up with the honorific ones.

The rule in one box Regular: お + ます-stem + する (more humble: いたす): おまちします; ご + noun + する / いたす: ごあんないします. Special verbs: まいる, うかがう, もうす, いただく, はいけんする, ぞんじる, おる, いたす. Use humble forms only for your own actions (or your side's), never for the person you want to honour.

1. お〜する and お〜いたす

お + ます-stem + する, or ご + Sino-Japanese noun + する, for actions that involve the other person. いたす instead of する is more humble still (and more formal).

PlainHumbleMore humbleExample

I'll be waiting in the lobby.

I'll carry your luggage.

I'll send you the documents.

I'll show you to your seat.

I'll explain.
Watch out: the action must be directed at the other person お〜する is for actions that reach the person you respect: wait for them, carry something for them, tell them. You cannot use it for actions that do not involve them: ×せんせいの まえで おたべします, ×きのう おねむりしました. For such actions use a special verb or the plain polite form (いただきます, やすみました). The same applies to one-syllable stems (みる, いる, きる, ねる): use a special verb.

2. The special humble verbs

PlainHumbleExample
いく / くる (to go, to come)まいる I'll be right there / I'll come right away.
いく (to visit someone)うかがう I'll visit your home tomorrow.
きく / たずねる (to ask, to hear)うかがう May I ask one thing?
いうもうす / もうしあげる My name is Tanaka.
I express my thanks.
たべる / のむ / もらういただく I gratefully receive it.
みるはいけんする I looked at your documents.
あうおめに かかる I'm pleased to meet you.
あげるさしあげる I'll give you a gift.
しっている / おもうぞんじる I believe so.
いるおる Tanaka is at his desk now.
するいたす I'll be in touch.
わかる / ひきうけるしょうちする / かしこまる Certainly. / Understood.

Two kinds of humble verb

KindVerbsFunction
謙譲語 (aimed at a person)うかがう, はいけんする, いただく, さしあげる, おめにかかる, おまちするthere is someone being raised by the action
丁重語 (aimed at the listener)まいる, もうす, いたす, おる, ぞんじるlowers the speaker toward the listener; no one needs to be involved

So まいる / いたす / おる can describe your own actions even when no one is raised, as long as the listener is. They are common in announcements: ("The train is about to arrive.")

3. 〜させていただく

The causative te-form + いただく (see Japanese Grammar 3, Chapter 11): "I receive the favour of being allowed to ...". It is the standard polite frame for announcing what you are going to do when the other person's permission, consent or goodwill is involved.

JapaneseEnglish
/ I will take today off. (with your permission)
Allow me to introduce ... (the speaker does)
Excuse me; I'll take my leave.
I'd like to finish here for today.
Watch out: させていただく can be overused The frame needs real permission or benefit from the other person. Without it, it sounds odd or overly servile. Giving your own name needs no permission, so it is たなかと もうします, not a 〜させていただく form. For simple actions use お〜する or いたす: ごれんらくいたします. Many Japanese speakers consider excess 〜させていただきます a mannerism of "business-speak".

4. Requests and gratitude with いただく

PatternExampleEnglish
〜て いただけませんかCould you say that once more?
〜て いただきたいI would like you to confirm.
お〜いただき ありがとうございますThank you for coming.

5. Humble or honorific?

MeaningHonorific (other person)Humble (me)
go / comeいらっしゃるまいる / うかがう
sayおっしゃるもうす / もうしあげる
eatめしあがるいただく
seeごらんに なるはいけんする
doなさるいたす
knowごぞんじだぞんじる
beいらっしゃるおる
regular patternお〜になるお〜する / お〜いたす
The golden rule Ask: whose action is it? The other person's → honorific. Mine, or my group's, toward someone → humble. A customer who says something おっしゃる; you, answering, もうしあげる or もうす. Mixing them is the commonest keigo error: ×おきゃくさまが もうしました, ×わたしが いらっしゃいます.

🗣️ In Use — つかいかた

Lowering yourself, raising the other person.

① A reception desk

A: Do you have a reservation today? May I ask your name?
B: My name is Tanaka.

② Arranging a visit

A: About what time should I come tomorrow?
B: I'll be waiting for you at two.

③ Receiving a gift

A: It's a small thing, but please accept it.
B: Thank you. I'll gratefully accept it.

📋 Quick Reference

PatternExample
お + stem + する / いたすおまちする; おもちいたす
ご + noun + する / いたすごあんないする; ごれんらくいたす
Special verbsまいる; うかがう; もうす; いただく; はいけんする; ぞんじる; おる; いたす
〜させて いただくしょうかいさせて いただきます
〜て いただくおしえて いただけませんか
Ruleother's action = honorific; mine = humble

✍️ Practice — れんしゅう

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Humble of and with お〜する.

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2. Humble for and .

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3. Say "I will visit your office tomorrow." (humble)

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4. Introduce yourself: "My name is Suzuki."

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5. Say "I'll send you the file." (お〜する)

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6. Say "I'll gratefully have it" (food offered by a host).

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(or )

7. Make a polite request: "Could you check this?" (ごかくにん)

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8. Honorific or humble? (says):

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(honorific) because it is the customer's action.

9. Why is wrong for "I'll eat in front of my teacher"?

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お〜する requires an action directed at the person. Eating is not. Use .

10. Which of 〜させていただく or いたす fits "I'll be in touch"?

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No permission is needed, so 〜させていただく would be over-humble.

Coming up in Chapter 4: Business Japanese. Set phrases (おつかれさまです, おせわに なっております, よろしくおねがいいたします), emails and openings, telephone Japanese, meetings and refusals.