Putting It Together
Japanese Grammar 3
Course 3 ยท Chapter 12 ยท Putting It Together
๐งฉ Putting It Together โ ใพใจใ
You have now met every clause type that Japanese builds in front of a main verb: relative clauses, reasons and purposes, four conditionals, time clauses, quotations, hearsay, giving and receiving, the passive and the causative. This chapter shows how they stack into one long sentence, gives you a checklist for choosing between them, and tests your eye with the errors that learners make most.
1. A long sentence, built clause by clause
English: "Yesterday I got caught in the rain and caught a cold, so I couldn't go to the party my friend had invited me to."
| Step | Add | Result |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Main clause | couldn't go | ใใผใใฃใผใซ ใใใพใใใงใใใ |
| 2. Relative clause on ใใผใใฃใผ | the party my friend invited me to | ใจใใ ใกใ ใใใง ใใใ ใใผใใฃใผใซ ใใใพใใใงใใใ |
| 3. Reason (ใฎใง) | because I caught a cold | ใใใ ใฒใใใฎใงใใจใใ ใกใ ใใใง ใใใ ใใผใใฃใผใซ ใใใพใใใงใใใ |
| 4. A te-clause (passive) | got caught in the rain | ใใใซ ใตใใใฆใใใใ ใฒใใใฎใงใใจใใ ใกใ ใใใง ใใใ ใใผใใฃใผใซ ใใใพใใใงใใใ |
| 5. Time word | yesterday | ใใฎใ ใใใซ ใตใใใฆใใใใ ใฒใใใฎใงใใจใใ ใกใ ใใใง ใใใ ใใผใใฃใผใซ ใใใพใใใงใใใ |
| 6. Topic | as for me | ใใใใฏ ใใฎใ ใใใซ ใตใใใฆใโฆ |
Each step adds a modifier on the left. Notice the pieces you have learned: the passive (ใตใใใฆ), a te-chain, a reason (ใฎใง), a favour verb (ใใใงใใใ), a potential in the negative (ใใใพใใใงใใ) and a relative clause. The last verb alone carries the politeness.
2. A decision procedure
| I want to say ... | Use | Chapter |
|---|---|---|
| "the X that ..." (describe a noun) | relative clause: plain clause + noun; subject ใ / ใฎ | 2 |
| because / in order to / although | ใใ, ใฎใง; ใใใซ, ใใใซ; ใฎใซ | 3 |
| if (automatic result / general condition) | ใจ / ใฐ | 4 |
| if / when (anything), or "if that is so" | ใใ / ใชใ | 5 |
| when / before / after / while / until / every time | ใจใ, ใพใใซ, ใใจใง, ใใใ , ใใกใซ, ใชใใ, ใพใง, ใใณใซ | 6 |
| said / thought / asked / whether | ใจ่จใ, ใจๆใ, ใจใใ, ใ, ใใฉใใ | 7 |
| looks / I hear / seems / probably | ใใใ , ใใใ , ใใใ, ใฏใ, ใใใใใชใ, ใงใใใ | 8 |
| gave / received / did a favour | ใใใ, ใใใ, ใใใ; ใใฆใใใ / ใใใ / ใใใ | 9 |
| was affected / something happened to me | passive | 10 |
| made / let / was made to | causative; causative-passive | 11 |
Three checks before you speak
- Joiner check. Which joiner matches the relationship (cause, condition, time, contrast)?
- Form check. Is the clause in the right form for that joiner (plain, ใ, dictionary-only, stem)?
- Marker check. Is the inner subject ใ? Is there a stray ใ or ใงใ inside?
3. Error-spotting clinic
Each sentence has one error. Find it, then check the correction.
| Wrong | Why | Right |
|---|---|---|
| ใใใใฏ ใใฃใ ใปใใฏ ใใใใใใ | Inner subject takes ใ, not ใฏ. | ใใใใ ใใฃใ ใปใใฏ ใใใใใใ |
| ใใใฏ ใใใใงใ ใปใใงใใ | No ใงใ inside a modifier clause. | ใใใฏ ใใใ ใปใใงใใ |
| ใญใ ใพใใซใใฏใ ใฟใใใพใใ | ใพใใซ takes the dictionary form. | ใญใ ใพใใซใใฏใ ใฟใใใพใใ |
| ใฒใพใ ใชใใใใฆ ใใ ใใใ | No ใ before ใชใ. | ใฒใพใชใใใใฆ ใใ ใใใ |
| ใใใ ใตใใจใใใใใใชใใงใใ | ใจ cannot lead to a wish. | ใใใ ใตใฃใใใใใใใใชใใงใใ |
| ใใใใฎใซใใพใฉใ ใใใฆ ใใ ใใใ | ใฎใซ can't lead to a request. | ใใใใฎใงใใพใฉใ ใใใฆ ใใ ใใใ |
| ใจใใ ใกใฏ ใใใใซ ใใฌใผใณใใ ใใใพใใใ | Receiver is me: ใใใ. | ใจใใ ใกใฏ ใใใใซ ใใฌใผใณใใ ใใใพใใใ |
| ใใฎใ ใใใ ใตใใใพใใใ | Intransitive adversity passive uses ใซ. | ใใฎใ ใใใซ ใตใใใพใใใ |
| ใใใใชใ ใใใซใใกใขใ ใจใใพใใ | A negative, non-controlled purpose takes ใใใซ. | ใใใใชใ ใใใซใใกใขใ ใจใใพใใ |
| ใใใใฏ ใใใ ใใใใใพใใใ | No ใ before ใใใใใชใ. | ใใใใฏ ใใใใใใใพใใใ |
| ใฏใฏใฏ ใใใใซ ใใใใ ใในใใใพใใใ (meaning "I was made to eat vegetables") | "I was made to" needs the causative-passive. | ใใใใฏ ใฏใฏใซ ใใใใ ใในใใใใใพใใใ |
๐ฃ๏ธ In Use โ ใคใใใใ
The whole course in three exchanges. Spot each clause type.
โ Explaining an absence
โก News and opinions
โข Plans and favours
๐ Course Complete โ Recap
| Chapters | What you can now do |
|---|---|
| 1-2 | Build sentences as chains of clauses; describe nouns with relative clauses. |
| 3 | Give reasons, purposes and contrasts. |
| 4-5 | Use the four conditionals and choose between them. |
| 6 | Express time relationships between clauses. |
| 7-8 | Quote, give opinions, report hearsay and express degrees of certainty. |
| 9 | Describe giving, receiving and favours from the right point of view. |
| 10-11 | Use the passive, the causative and the causative-passive. |
| 12 | Stack all of this into one sentence and avoid the common errors. |
โ๏ธ Practice โ ใใใใ ใ
Try each one, then click to check.
1. Build in three steps: "I read the book my friend lent me yesterday."
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ใปใใ ใใฟใพใใใ โ ใจใใ ใกใ ใใใ ใปใใ ใใฟใพใใใ โ ใใฎใ ใจใใ ใกใ ใใใ ใปใใ ใใฟใพใใใ
2. Add a reason: "Because it was raining, I read the book my friend lent me."
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ใใใ ใตใฃใฆ ใใใฎใงใใจใใ ใกใ ใใใ ใปใใ ใใฟใพใใใ
3. Say "If you're going to Japan, take a warm coat."
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ใซใปใใธ ใใใชใใใใใใใ ใณใผใใ ใใฃใฆ ใใฃใ ใปใใ ใใใงใใใ
4. Say "He said he'd come after he finished work."
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ใใใฏ ใใใจใ ใใใฃใใ ใใใจ ใใใพใใใ
5. Say "Apparently the exam is difficult."
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ใใใใฏ ใใใใใใใใใงใใ (or ใใใใใใใใงใใ)
6. Say "My teacher gave me a dictionary." (polite)
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ใใใใใ ใใใใ ใใ ใใใพใใใ
7. Say "I was scolded by my father."
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ใใใใฏ ใกใกใซ ใใใใใพใใใ
8. Say "I was made to clean the room."
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ใธใใ ใใใใใใใใพใใใ
9. Say "I don't know whether he'll come."
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ใใใ ใใใ ใฉใใ ใใใใพใใใ
10. Which conditional fits "When you've finished, please call me": ใจ, ใฐ, ใใ or ใชใ? Say it.
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ใใ, because the main clause is a request (ใจ cannot take one, and the first event must be finished): ใใใฃใใใใงใใใใฆ ใใ ใใใ