Putting It Together

Japanese Grammar 3

Course 3 ยท Chapter 12 ยท Putting It Together

๐Ÿงฉ Putting It Together โ€” ใพใจใ‚

You have now met every clause type that Japanese builds in front of a main verb: relative clauses, reasons and purposes, four conditionals, time clauses, quotations, hearsay, giving and receiving, the passive and the causative. This chapter shows how they stack into one long sentence, gives you a checklist for choosing between them, and tests your eye with the errors that learners make most.

The rule in one box Start from the main clause and add to the left. Every clause before the last is in the plain form (or a te-form); each carries its own joiner (ใฎใง, ใŸใ‚‰, ใจใ, ใจ โ€ฆ) and its own subject marked with ใŒ. The topic (ใฏ) and the final predicate (with its politeness) belong to the whole sentence.

1. A long sentence, built clause by clause

English: "Yesterday I got caught in the rain and caught a cold, so I couldn't go to the party my friend had invited me to."

StepAddResult
1. Main clausecouldn't go
2. Relative clause on ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผthe party my friend invited me to
3. Reason (ใฎใง)because I caught a cold
4. A te-clause (passive)got caught in the rain
5. Time wordyesterday
6. Topicas for me

Each step adds a modifier on the left. Notice the pieces you have learned: the passive (ใตใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆ), a te-chain, a reason (ใฎใง), a favour verb (ใ‚ˆใ‚“ใงใใ‚ŒใŸ), a potential in the negative (ใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ) and a relative clause. The last verb alone carries the politeness.

2. A decision procedure

I want to say ...UseChapter
"the X that ..." (describe a noun)relative clause: plain clause + noun; subject ใŒ / ใฎ2
because / in order to / althoughใ‹ใ‚‰, ใฎใง; ใŸใ‚ใซ, ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ; ใฎใซ3
if (automatic result / general condition)ใจ / ใฐ4
if / when (anything), or "if that is so"ใŸใ‚‰ / ใชใ‚‰5
when / before / after / while / until / every timeใจใ, ใพใˆใซ, ใ‚ใจใง, ใ‚ใ„ใ , ใ†ใกใซ, ใชใŒใ‚‰, ใพใง, ใŸใณใซ6
said / thought / asked / whetherใจ่จ€ใ†, ใจๆ€ใ†, ใจใ„ใ†, ใ‹, ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹7
looks / I hear / seems / probablyใใ†ใ , ใ‚ˆใ†ใ , ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„, ใฏใš, ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„, ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†8
gave / received / did a favourใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹, ใใ‚Œใ‚‹, ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†; ใ€œใฆใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ / ใใ‚Œใ‚‹ / ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†9
was affected / something happened to mepassive10
made / let / was made tocausative; causative-passive11

Three checks before you speak

  1. Joiner check. Which joiner matches the relationship (cause, condition, time, contrast)?
  2. Form check. Is the clause in the right form for that joiner (plain, ใŸ, dictionary-only, stem)?
  3. Marker check. Is the inner subject ใŒ? Is there a stray ใ  or ใงใ™ inside?

3. Error-spotting clinic

Each sentence has one error. Find it, then check the correction.

WrongWhyRight
Inner subject takes ใŒ, not ใฏ.
No ใงใ™ inside a modifier clause.
ใพใˆใซ takes the dictionary form.
No ใ  before ใชใ‚‰.
ใจ cannot lead to a wish.
ใฎใซ can't lead to a request.
Receiver is me: ใใ‚Œใ‚‹.
Intransitive adversity passive uses ใซ.
A negative, non-controlled purpose takes ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ.
No ใ  before ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„.
(meaning "I was made to eat vegetables")"I was made to" needs the causative-passive.

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ In Use โ€” ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

The whole course in three exchanges. Spot each clause type.

โ‘  Explaining an absence

A: Why didn't you come yesterday?
B: I got caught in the rain and caught a cold, so I couldn't go to the party my friend invited me to.

โ‘ก News and opinions

A: Did you hear the story that Tanaka is leaving next month?
B: Yes, apparently he was asked by the section chief and his workload has grown.

โ‘ข Plans and favours

A: What do you want to do when you go to Japan?
B: I intend to have my friend show me around the town where he lives.

๐ŸŽ“ Course Complete โ€” Recap

ChaptersWhat you can now do
1-2Build sentences as chains of clauses; describe nouns with relative clauses.
3Give reasons, purposes and contrasts.
4-5Use the four conditionals and choose between them.
6Express time relationships between clauses.
7-8Quote, give opinions, report hearsay and express degrees of certainty.
9Describe giving, receiving and favours from the right point of view.
10-11Use the passive, the causative and the causative-passive.
12Stack all of this into one sentence and avoid the common errors.

โœ๏ธ Practice โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Build in three steps: "I read the book my friend lent me yesterday."

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โ†’ โ†’

2. Add a reason: "Because it was raining, I read the book my friend lent me."

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3. Say "If you're going to Japan, take a warm coat."

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4. Say "He said he'd come after he finished work."

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5. Say "Apparently the exam is difficult."

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(or )

6. Say "My teacher gave me a dictionary." (polite)

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7. Say "I was scolded by my father."

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8. Say "I was made to clean the room."

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9. Say "I don't know whether he'll come."

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10. Which conditional fits "When you've finished, please call me": ใจ, ใฐ, ใŸใ‚‰ or ใชใ‚‰? Say it.

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ใŸใ‚‰, because the main clause is a request (ใจ cannot take one, and the first event must be finished):

Next: Japanese Grammar 4. Honorific Language, Writing and Style: the honorific and humble systems, business Japanese, written style, particles in depth, onomatopoeia, word formation, connectors, and idiom. Congratulations on finishing Japanese Grammar 3! ๐ŸŽ‰