The Passive

Japanese Grammar 3

Course 3 · Chapter 10 · The Passive

↩️ The Passive — うけみ

The passive turns a sentence around: "The teacher praised me" becomes "I was praised by the teacher". Japanese does this too, but it also has a second use that English hardly has: an indirect passive that says something happened to you, usually something unwelcome: "I was rained on", "my father died on me". Learn both uses, and learn to tell the passive from the potential, which looks the same for Group 2 verbs.

The rule in one box Group 1: ない-stem + れる (かく → かかれる; う → わ: かう → かわれる). Group 2: drop る + られる (たべられる). する → される; くる → こられる. The one who acts is marked with に. The passive is a Group 2 verb.

1. Forming the passive

GroupDictionaryPassiveRule
1く → か + れる
1ぶ → ば + れる
2drop る + られる
1う → わ + れる
1す → さ + れる
2drop る + られる
3irregular
3irregular

2. The direct passive

The object of the active sentence becomes the subject; the original subject is marked with に.

ActivePassive

The teacher praised me.

I was praised by the teacher.

My mother scolded me.

I was scolded by my mother.

I was invited to the party by my friend.

When the subject is a thing (neutral passive)

With things and events the passive is neutral or formal: used in news, notices and writing, often without any agent.

JapaneseEnglish
This book is read all over the world.
A meeting will be held here next week.
This building was built in 1990.
This painting was painted by Picasso.
Watch out: に, によって or から? The agent is usually に (せんせいに ほめられた). For creation (painting, writing, inventing) use によって (ピカソに よって かかれた). With verbs of giving or telling, から is possible (ともだちから てがみを おくられた). If the agent is unknown or unimportant, drop it: ここで かいぎが ひらかれた.

3. The indirect (adversity) passive

Japanese lets you use the passive for something that happened to you but that you did not directly experience as an object. These sentences always carry a feeling of inconvenience, annoyance or loss.

TypeExampleEnglish
Intransitive (the event affects me)
I got caught in the rain yesterday.
My friend came late and it was a problem for me.
Transitive (a possession is affected)
I had my wallet stolen by a thief.
My mother read my diary (and I resent it).
Death, lossMy father died on me, and it was hard.
Watch out: the passive and the object marker In the transitive adversity passive the possession keeps its を: どろぼうに さいふを ぬすまれた. You are the subject (わたしは, usually omitted) and the person who acts is marked with に. This pattern is not used for pleasant events; for a favour you appreciate use 〜てもらう (Chapter 9).

4. Passive or potential?

GroupPassivePotentialSame?
1: かくかかれるかけるdifferent
1: のむのまれるのめるdifferent
2: たべるたべられるたべられるidentical
3: くるこられるこられるidentical

For Group 2 verbs and くる the context decides: ("the fish was eaten by the cat", passive) against ("I can eat fish", potential). The agent marked with に and a patient subject point to the passive; が marking the object and a person subject point to the potential.

🗣️ In Use — つかいかた

Things that happened to people.

① A bad day

A: What's wrong? You look gloomy.
B: I got rained on and lost my umbrella too. It was the worst.

② Being praised

A: I hear you were praised by the section chief.
B: Yes, I was praised for working quickly.

③ The news

A: When was this building built?
B: I hear it was built a hundred years ago.

📋 Quick Reference

RuleExample
Group 1: ない-stem + れるかく → かかれる
Group 2: drop る + られるたべる → たべられる
する → される; くる → こられる
Direct passive: object → subject; agent にせんせいに ほめられた
Creation: によってピカソに よって かかれた
Indirect passive: adversity, keeps をさいふを ぬすまれた
Potential vs passive: same for Group 2, くるたべられる

✍️ Practice — れんしゅう

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Passive of , and .

Show answer

2. Passive of , and .

Show answer

3. Turn into the passive:

Show answer

4. Say "I was invited by my teacher."

Show answer

5. Say "This window was broken by a child." (こわす)

Show answer

6. Say "I was caught in the rain on the way home."

Show answer

7. Say "My bag was stolen."

Show answer

8. Say "This novel was written by Soseki." (よって)

Show answer

9. Passive or potential? (a) (b)

Show answer

(a) passive: "the fish was eaten by the cat" (the agent has に). (b) potential: "I can eat fish" (the object has が and the subject is a person).

10. Say "I had my diary read by my brother (and I hated it)."

Show answer

Coming up in Chapter 11: The Causative and the Causative-Passive. 〜(さ)せる (letting and making), 〜(さ)せていただく, and the causative-passive 食べさせられる.