Volitional and Intention

Japanese Grammar 2

Course 2 ยท Chapter 9 ยท The Volitional and Intention

๐ŸŽฏ The Volitional and Intention โ€” ใ„ใ“ใ†ใ‘ใ„ ใจ ใ‚ˆใฆใ„

How do you talk about the future in Japanese? The plain present (ใ„ใ) covers it, but Japanese also has a set of patterns for plans, intentions and decisions. They differ subtly: a thought, an intention, a schedule, a decision you made and a decision that was made for you. This chapter gives you all five, starting with the volitional form (ใ€œ(ใ‚ˆ)ใ†), the plain equivalent of ใ€œใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†.

The rule in one box Volitional: Group 1: ใ†-row โ†’ ใŠ-row + ใ† (ใ‹ใ โ†’ ใ‹ใ“ใ†); Group 2: drop ใ‚‹ + ใ‚ˆใ† (ใŸในใ‚ˆใ†); ใ™ใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†, ใใ‚‹ โ†’ ใ“ใ‚ˆใ†. It means "let's ..." or, with ใจๆ€ใ†, "I'm thinking of ...". Intention: ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Š (firm), ไบˆๅฎš (schedule). Decisions: ใ“ใจใซใ™ใ‚‹ (I decide) and ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ (it has been decided).

1. The volitional form

GroupDictionaryVolitionalPolite equivalent
1ใ‹ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
1ใฎใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
1ใ‹ใ„ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
1ใฏใชใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
1ใพใกใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
1ใ‚ใใณใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
1ใ„ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
2ใŸในใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
2ใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
3ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
3ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†

Used on its own, the volitional means "let's ..." between friends: ("Let's go home together.") With ใ‹ it offers or asks: ("Shall we have lunch?"). Talking to oneself, it means "I think I'll ...": ("Right, I'll do my best.")

2. ใ€œ(ใ‚ˆ)ใ†ใจๆ€ใ†: I'm thinking of ...

Volitional + ใจๆ€ใ† (ใจใŠใ‚‚ใ†) states what you are thinking of doing: a plan that is still forming.

JapaneseEnglish

natsuyasumi ni nihon e ikล to omoimasu
I'm thinking of going to Japan for the summer holidays.
I'm thinking of buying a new car (I've been considering it for a while).
Watch out: ใŠใ‚‚ใ† and ใŠใ‚‚ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ ใ€œ(ใ‚ˆ)ใ†ใจๆ€ใ† reports the thought that comes to mind now; ใ€œ(ใ‚ˆ)ใ†ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ reports a thought you have been holding, and it is also how you report someone else's plan: ใ‹ใ‚Œใฏ ใซใปใ‚“ใธ ใ„ใ“ใ†ใจ ใŠใ‚‚ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™. You cannot say ใ‹ใ‚Œใฏ ใ„ใ“ใ†ใจ ใŠใ‚‚ใ„ใพใ™ about a third person's inner feelings.

3. ใ€œใคใ‚‚ใ‚Š: intend to

Dictionary form + ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ expresses a firmer intention than ใ€œ(ใ‚ˆ)ใ†ใจๆ€ใ†: you have decided. The negative is the ใชใ„-form + ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™, or the stronger ใ€œใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ ("I have no intention").

JapaneseEnglish

rainen daigaku ni hairu tsumori desu
I intend to go to university next year.
I don't intend to go anywhere tomorrow.
I have no intention of apologising.

4. ใ€œไบˆๅฎš: a plan or schedule

ไบˆๅฎš (ใ‚ˆใฆใ„) is a schedule or arrangement, often made with other people or fixed by an event: dictionary form + ไบˆๅฎšใงใ™, or noun + ใฎไบˆๅฎšใงใ™.

JapaneseEnglish
I'm scheduled to go to Tokyo next week.
What are your plans for tomorrow?
Departure is scheduled for 9 a.m.
PatternStrengthBest for
ใ€œ(ใ‚ˆ)ใ†ใจๆ€ใ†weakest: a thoughtideas still being formed
ใ€œใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šfirm: personal intentionyour own decision
ใ€œไบˆๅฎšarranged: schedulefixed plans, times, bookings

5. Deciding: ใ“ใจใซใ™ใ‚‹ and ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹

PatternMeaningExample
ใ€œใ“ใจใซใ™ใ‚‹I decide (my choice)
I've decided to give up smoking.
ใ€œใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹It has been decided / it turns out (others, or circumstances)
It's been decided that I'm going to Osaka next month.
ใ€œใ“ใจใซใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹I make it a rule to ...
I make a point of running every morning.
ใ€œใชใ„ใ“ใจใซใ™ใ‚‹I decide not to ...
Watch out: who decided? ใ“ใจใซใ™ใ‚‹ = you made the choice. ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ = the decision came from outside (the company, the rules, a committee, fate) or is presented as such. Japanese often uses ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ even for personal news, such as engagements (ใ‘ใฃใ“ใ‚“ใ™ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใซ ใชใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ), as a modest way of announcing it.

๐Ÿ—ฃ๏ธ In Use โ€” ใคใ‹ใ„ใ‹ใŸ

Plans and decisions.

โ‘  Let's!

A: Onaka suita. Gohan, tabe ni ikล. I'm hungry. Let's go eat.
B: Ii ne. Nani tabeyล ka. Good idea. What shall we eat?

โ‘ก Holiday plans

A: Natsuyasumi wa dล shimasu ka. What will you do for the summer holidays?
B: Nihon e ikล to omotte imasu. Hachigatsu no hajime ni iku tsumori desu. I'm thinking of going to Japan. I intend to go at the start of August.

โ‘ข News

A: Raigetsu kara hikkosu koto ni narimashita. It's been decided that I'll move from next month.
B: Sล desu ka. Doko e iku yotei desu ka. Is that so? Where are you scheduled to go?

๐Ÿ“‹ Quick Reference

PatternMeaningExample
Volitional ใ€œ(ใ‚ˆ)ใ†let's; I'llใ„ใ“ใ†; ใŸในใ‚ˆใ†
ใ€œ(ใ‚ˆ)ใ†ใจๆ€ใ†I'm thinking ofใ‹ใŠใ†ใจ ใŠใ‚‚ใ†
ใ€œใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™I intend toใฏใ„ใ‚‹ ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™
ใ€œไบˆๅฎšใงใ™I'm scheduled toใ„ใ ใ‚ˆใฆใ„ใงใ™
ใ€œใ“ใจใซใ™ใ‚‹I decide toใ‚„ใ‚ใ‚‹ ใ“ใจใซ ใ™ใ‚‹
ใ€œใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹it's been decided thatใ„ใ ใ“ใจใซ ใชใ‚‹

โœ๏ธ Practice โ€” ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Volitional of , and .

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2. Volitional of , and .

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3. Say "Let's go home" to a friend.

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4. Say "I'm thinking of studying Japanese."

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5. Say "I intend to start tomorrow."

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6. Say "I don't intend to go."

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7. Say "The meeting is scheduled for three o'clock."

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8. You decided to stop drinking coffee. Say it.

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9. Your company has told you that you will go to London. Say it.

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10. Correct: (about a third person)

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Use ใŠใ‚‚ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ for someone else's thought.

Coming up in Chapter 10: Trying, Wanting and Becoming. ใ€œใŸใ„, ใ€œใŸใŒใ‚‹, ใ€œใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹, ใ€œใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹, and ใ€œใใชใ‚‹ / ใ€œใซใชใ‚‹ with adjectives and nouns.