Volitional and Intention
Japanese Grammar 2
Course 2 ยท Chapter 9 ยท The Volitional and Intention
๐ฏ The Volitional and Intention โ ใใใใใ ใจ ใใฆใ
How do you talk about the future in Japanese? The plain present (ใใ) covers it, but Japanese also has a set of patterns for plans, intentions and decisions. They differ subtly: a thought, an intention, a schedule, a decision you made and a decision that was made for you. This chapter gives you all five, starting with the volitional form (ใ(ใ)ใ), the plain equivalent of ใใพใใใ.
1. The volitional form
| Group | Dictionary | Volitional | Polite equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ใใ | ใใใ | ใใใพใใใ |
| 1 | ใฎใ | ใฎใใ | ใฎใฟใพใใใ |
| 1 | ใใ | ใใใ | ใใใพใใใ |
| 1 | ใฏใชใ | ใฏใชใใ | ใฏใชใใพใใใ |
| 1 | ใพใค | ใพใจใ | ใพใกใพใใใ |
| 1 | ใใใถ | ใใใผใ | ใใใณใพใใใ |
| 1 | ใใ | ใใใ | ใใใพใใใ |
| 2 | ใในใ | ใในใใ | ใในใพใใใ |
| 2 | ใฟใ | ใฟใใ | ใฟใพใใใ |
| 3 | ใใ | ใใใ | ใใพใใใ |
| 3 | ใใ | ใใใ | ใใพใใใ |
Used on its own, the volitional means "let's ..." between friends: ใใฃใใใซ ใใใใใ ("Let's go home together.") With ใ it offers or asks: ใฒใใใฏใใใในใใใใ ("Shall we have lunch?"). Talking to oneself, it means "I think I'll ...": ใใใใใใฐใใใ ("Right, I'll do my best.")
2. ใ(ใ)ใใจๆใ: I'm thinking of ...
Volitional + ใจๆใ (ใจใใใ) states what you are thinking of doing: a plan that is still forming.
| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| ใชใคใใใฟใซ ใซใปใใธ ใใใใจ ใใใใพใใ natsuyasumi ni nihon e ikล to omoimasu | I'm thinking of going to Japan for the summer holidays. |
| ใใใใใ ใใใพใ ใใใใจ ใใใฃใฆ ใใพใใ | I'm thinking of buying a new car (I've been considering it for a while). |
3. ใใคใใ: intend to
Dictionary form + ใคใใใงใ expresses a firmer intention than ใ(ใ)ใใจๆใ: you have decided. The negative is the ใชใ-form + ใคใใใงใ, or the stronger ใใคใใใฏใใใพใใ ("I have no intention").
| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| ใใใญใ ใ ใใใใซ ใฏใใ ใคใใใงใใ rainen daigaku ni hairu tsumori desu | I intend to go to university next year. |
| ใใใ ใฉใใธใ ใใใชใ ใคใใใงใใ | I don't intend to go anywhere tomorrow. |
| ใใใพใ ใคใใใฏ ใใใพใใใ | I have no intention of apologising. |
4. ใไบๅฎ: a plan or schedule
ไบๅฎ (ใใฆใ) is a schedule or arrangement, often made with other people or fixed by an event: dictionary form + ไบๅฎใงใ, or noun + ใฎไบๅฎใงใ.
| Japanese | English |
|---|---|
| ใใใใ ใ ใจใใใใใธ ใใ ใใฆใใงใใ | I'm scheduled to go to Tokyo next week. |
| ใใใใฎ ใใฆใใฏ ใชใใงใใใ | What are your plans for tomorrow? |
| ใใ ใฃใฑใคใฏ ใใใ ใใใฎ ใใฆใใงใใ | Departure is scheduled for 9 a.m. |
| Pattern | Strength | Best for |
|---|---|---|
| ใ(ใ)ใใจๆใ | weakest: a thought | ideas still being formed |
| ใใคใใ | firm: personal intention | your own decision |
| ใไบๅฎ | arranged: schedule | fixed plans, times, bookings |
5. Deciding: ใใจใซใใ and ใใจใซใชใ
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ใใใจใซใใ | I decide (my choice) | ใใฐใใ ใใใ ใใจใซ ใใพใใใ I've decided to give up smoking. |
| ใใใจใซใชใ | It has been decided / it turns out (others, or circumstances) | ใใใใค ใใใใใธ ใใ ใใจใซ ใชใใพใใใ It's been decided that I'm going to Osaka next month. |
| ใใใจใซใใฆใใ | I make it a rule to ... | ใพใใใ ใฏใใ ใใจใซ ใใฆ ใใพใใ I make a point of running every morning. |
| ใใชใใใจใซใใ | I decide not to ... | ใใ ใในใชใ ใใจใซ ใใพใใ |
๐ฃ๏ธ In Use โ ใคใใใใ
Plans and decisions.
โ Let's!
โก Holiday plans
โข News
๐ Quick Reference
| Pattern | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Volitional ใ(ใ)ใ | let's; I'll | ใใใ; ใในใใ |
| ใ(ใ)ใใจๆใ | I'm thinking of | ใใใใจ ใใใ |
| ใใคใใใงใ | I intend to | ใฏใใ ใคใใใงใ |
| ใไบๅฎใงใ | I'm scheduled to | ใใ ใใฆใใงใ |
| ใใใจใซใใ | I decide to | ใใใ ใใจใซ ใใ |
| ใใใจใซใชใ | it's been decided that | ใใ ใใจใซ ใชใ |
โ๏ธ Practice โ ใใใใ ใ
Try each one, then click to check.
1. Volitional of ใฎใ, ใใ and ใฏใชใ.
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ใฎใใ, ใใใ, ใฏใชใใ
2. Volitional of ใในใ, ใใ and ใใ.
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ใในใใ, ใใใ, ใใใ
3. Say "Let's go home" to a friend.
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ใใใใใ
4. Say "I'm thinking of studying Japanese."
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ใซใปใใใ ในใใใใใใใใจ ใใใใพใใ
5. Say "I intend to start tomorrow."
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ใใใ ใฏใใใ ใคใใใงใใ
6. Say "I don't intend to go."
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ใใใชใ ใคใใใงใใ
7. Say "The meeting is scheduled for three o'clock."
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ใใใใฏ ใใใใฎ ใใฆใใงใใ
8. You decided to stop drinking coffee. Say it.
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ใณใผใใผใ ใใใ ใใจใซ ใใพใใใ
9. Your company has told you that you will go to London. Say it.
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ใญใณใใณใธ ใใ ใใจใซ ใชใใพใใใ
10. Correct: ใใใฏ ใตใใซ ใใใใจ ใใใใพใใ (about a third person)
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ใใใฏ ใตใใซ ใใใใจ ใใใฃใฆใใพใใ Use ใใใฃใฆใใ for someone else's thought.