Koto and No

Japanese Grammar 2

Course 2 · Chapter 11 · Verbs as Nouns: こと and の

🔄 Verbs as Nouns — こと と の

"Swimming is fun." "I like cooking." "I forgot to bring it." In each, an action is used as a thing. Japanese does this with a plain verb form plus こと or の. They are called nominalisers: they turn a clause into a noun phrase. This chapter shows what each one does, when you must use one or the other, and the useful patterns that grow out of them (ことがある, 〜たことがある, 〜のが好き, 〜たほうがいい).

The rule in one box Plain-form clause + こと / の = "the act of ...". For nouns and な-adjectives, だ becomes な: しずかな こと. こと is abstract and fixed in set patterns; の is concrete and used for what you perceive or feel directly. With すき / じょうず / きらい, both usually work.

1. The basic idea

JapaneseEnglish

I like swimming.

I'm good at cooking.
Getting up early is hard.
My hobby is watching films.

The nominalised clause behaves like any noun: it can take が, は, を, に. The verb inside is in the plain form, and tense matters: for general activity, for a past event.

2. Patterns that need こと

PatternMeaningExample
〜たことがあるhave done (experience)
nihon e itta koto ga arimasu
I have been to Japan.
〜たことがないhave never done
I have never eaten natto.
〜ことがある (dictionary form)sometimes does
I sometimes oversleep.
〜ことができるcan do (Chapter 8)
〜ことにする / 〜ことになるdecide / it is decided (Chapter 9)
〜こと (as a rule or notice)one must / is to
Do not park here.
Watch out: たことがある vs ことがある Past form + ことがある = "I have done it at least once" (experience). Dictionary form + ことがある = "it sometimes happens" (occasional habit). Compare ねぼうした ことが ある ("I've overslept before") with ねぼうする ことが ある ("I sometimes oversleep"). The experience pattern is not for something you did recently and often: it is for "ever" experiences.

3. Patterns that prefer の

PatternExample
Perception: みる, きく, かんじる
I saw a child crying.

I can hear someone singing.
Forgetting, remembering, noticing
I forgot to bring the key.

Please don't forget to turn off the light.
Helping, waiting, stopping
I'll help carry the luggage.
Quality words: はやい, おそい, むずかしい, たのしい

4. こと or の?

SituationUse
Set patterns: ことがある / できる / にする / になる; 〜ことです (is the act of); notices like 〜ことこと only
Direct perception: みる, きく, かんじる, まつ, てつだうの only
Likes and skills: すき, きらい, じょうず, へた, とくいeither (の is more spoken and concrete; こと more written)
Abstract or reported things: はなす, やくそくする, いうmostly こと
Ordinary subject: "X is hard / fun / easy"usually の (〜のは) in speech

When you are unsure, use の in speech and こと in writing, and learn the こと-only patterns as set phrases.

5. A related advice pattern: 〜たほうがいい

Plain past form + ほうがいいです gives advice: "you'd better do it". Its negative partner uses the plain ない-form, as you learned in Chapter 5: 〜ないほうがいい.

JapaneseEnglish
You'd better go to the hospital soon.
You should rest more.
You'd better not overdo it.
Watch out: たほうがいい is stronger than it sounds 〜たほうがいい is advice, but it can come across as pushy to a superior. Soften it with 〜たほうがいいと おもいます ("I think you'd better ...") or use 〜てみては いかがですか. (For regret about the past, 〜なかったほうがよかった, "it would have been better not to", is a different, later pattern.)

🗣️ In Use — つかいかた

Experiences, preferences and advice.

① Experience

A: Nihon e itta koto ga arimasu ka. Have you ever been to Japan?
B: Īe, mada arimasen. Itsuka ikitai desu. No, not yet. I'd like to go someday.

② Hobbies

A: Shumi wa nan desu ka. What's your hobby?
B: Ryōri o tsukuru koto desu. Tomodachi ni tabete morau no ga suki desu. Cooking. I like having my friends eat it.

③ Advice

A: Netsu ga arimasu. Nodo mo itai desu. I have a fever. My throat hurts too.
B: Hayaku neta hō ga ii desu yo. Shigoto ni ikanai hō ga ii desu. You'd better go to bed early. You'd better not go to work.

📋 Quick Reference

PatternMeaningExample
plain + こと / のthe act ofおよぐ こと / の
〜た ことが あるhave doneいった ことが ある
〜る ことが あるsometimes doesねぼうする ことが ある
〜のが すき / じょうずlike / good atおよぐ のが すき
〜のを わすれるforget toもって くる のを わすれた
〜た ほうが いいhad betterいった ほうが いい
〜ない ほうが いいhad better notたべない ほうが いい

✍️ Practice — れんしゅう

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Say "I like reading."

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(or )

2. Say "I'm good at singing."

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3. Say "My hobby is taking photos."

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4. Say "I have been to Kyoto."

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5. Say "I've never eaten sushi."

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6. Say "I sometimes forget my umbrella."

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7. Say "I forgot to lock the door."

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8. Say "I saw a cat sleeping."

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(の with a perception verb.)

9. Say "You'd better see a doctor."

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(or )

10. Which of こと or の, and why: ?

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ことができる is a set pattern: こと only.

Coming up in Chapter 12: Putting It Together. One verb in every form this course covers, a decision procedure, an error-spotting clinic, the Course Complete recap and a pointer to Japanese Grammar 3.