は, です & the Copula

Japanese Grammar 1

Chapter 4 · は, です & the Copula

🧩 は, です and the Copula — 「AはBです」

The first full sentence pattern in any Japanese course is AはBです: "A is B". It uses the topic particle は from Chapter 1 and the polite copula です. This chapter gives you the whole pattern: questions with か, "also" with も, noun links with の, the negative じゃありません, the past でした, and the difference between a topic and a subject.

The rule in one box A は B です = "As for A, (it) is B." です ends the sentence and makes it polite; it is the copula (the "is" of identity and description), not an ordinary verb. Four endings cover everything: です (is), じゃありません (is not), でした (was), じゃありませんでした (was not). Add か to ask.

1. AはBです

JapaneseSay itEnglish
watashi wa gakusei desuI am a student.
Tanaka-san wa sensei desuMr Tanaka is a teacher.
Firippu-san wa Edinbara no enjinia desuPhilip is an engineer from Edinburgh.
kore wa hon desuThis is a book.

です never changes for person or number: わたしは がくせいです, かれは がくせいです, わたしたちは がくせいです all use the same ending.

Watch out: さん is for other people Add さん (Mr / Ms / Mrs) to someone else's name, never to your own: わたしは フィリップです ("I am Philip"), but フィリップさんは ... for him. It is a polite suffix, not part of the name, and it works for any gender and for first or family names.

2. か: asking a yes / no question

Add か at the end of a sentence to turn it into a question. Japanese needs no word order change: only the か. A rising voice is optional, as か already marks the question. In writing, the question mark is optional too, and the full stop 。 is used.

StatementQuestionAnswer

gakusei desu

gakusei desu ka
/
(Yes, that's right.)

The short answers are hai (yes) and iie (no). sō desu means "that's right", and "that's not so".

3. も: "also"

も means "also, too" and takes the place of は (it never appears together with は on the same word).

JapaneseSay itEnglish

watashi wa gakusei desu. Anna-san mo gakusei desuI am a student. Anna is a student too.
watashi mo kōhī desuI'll have coffee too.
Anna-san mo Igirisu-jin ja arimasenAnna is not British either.

Notice the last example: with a negative, も means "either" (and in the same way "neither … nor" when repeated).

4. の: linking two nouns

の joins two nouns. The first one describes or owns the second: A の B = "B of A" or "A's B". It is the most flexible link in the language and covers ownership, belonging, field, and origin.

PatternExampleEnglish
owner の thing
watashi no hon
my book
group の member
daigaku no gakusei
a university student
subject の teacher
nihongo no sensei
a Japanese-language teacher
place の person
Edinbara no tomodachi
a friend from Edinburgh
a chain
tomodachi no okāsan no kuruma
my friend's mother's car

When the noun after の is obvious, it can be dropped: kore wa watashi no desu ("This is mine").

Watch out: の goes where English says "of" or 's, in reverse order English says a teacher of Japanese; Japanese says Japanese's teacher: にほんごの せんせい. The descriptive noun always comes first and the main noun last.

5. The negative: じゃありません

The negative of です is じゃありません. In careful writing or very formal speech you will also see ではありません; they mean the same, and じゃ is the everyday spoken form.

JapaneseSay itEnglish
watashi wa sensei ja arimasenI am not a teacher.
kore wa pen dewa arimasenThis is not a pen. (formal)

6. The past: でした

PositiveNegative
Present
gakusei desu (is)

gakusei ja arimasen (is not)
Past
gakusei deshita (was)

gakusei ja arimasen deshita (was not)
JapaneseEnglish
kinō wa ame deshitaIt was rainy yesterday.
chichi wa sensei deshitaMy father was a teacher.
kinō wa nichiyōbi ja arimasen deshitaYesterday was not Sunday.

Rule of thumb: です → でした for the past, and add でした after じゃありません for the negative past. The past of a question is でしたか.

7. は and が: topic or subject?

Both can look like "the subject" in English, but they do different jobs. A quick distinction, which Chapter 5 completes:

は (topic)が (subject)
Jobsets what the sentence is aboutnames who or what does or is (new or specific information)
Informationalready known or assumednew, or the answer to "who?"
Example
(As for Philip, he is an engineer.)

(It is Philip who is the engineer.)

Answering a question shows the difference: to だれが エンジニアですか。 ("Who is the engineer?") you answer フィリップさんが エンジニアです, because "Philip" is the new information. To フィリップさんは なにですか。 ("What is Philip?") you answer フィリップさんは エンジニアです.

は can also mean "contrast" Using は on something other than the topic sets it against something else: コーヒーは のみます ("Coffee I drink [but not tea]"), わたしは がくせいじゃありません can sound like "I'm not [though others are]". When you only want to state a fact, a plain は as topic is the safe choice.

8. Dropping は and the topic

When the topic is clear from the conversation, Japanese drops it, together with its は.

FullNatural conversation
Tanaka desu (I'm Tanaka.)
(Your name? — Tanaka.)
(Are you a student?)
"I am coffee"? The です of ordering In an order, です does not mean "is": means "I'll have coffee" (literally "as for me, it's coffee"). The topic plus です is a flexible frame: Japanese speakers fill in the relationship from the situation. You will see this "eel sentence" pattern often in cafés and restaurants.

🗣️ In Use — つかいかた

The pattern in real exchanges. Read each aloud.

① Introductions

A: Hajimemashite. Watashi wa Firippu desu. How do you do. I'm Philip.
B: Tanaka desu. Firippu-san wa gakusei desu ka. I'm Tanaka. Are you a student, Philip?
A: Iie, gakusei ja arimasen. Enjinia desu. No, I'm not a student. I'm an engineer.

② Me too

A: Watashi wa Igirisu-jin desu. I'm British.
B: Anna-san mo Igirisu-jin desu ka. Is Anna British too?
A: Iie, Anna-san wa Airurando-jin desu. No, Anna is Irish.

③ Yesterday

A: Kinō wa nichiyōbi deshita ka. Was yesterday Sunday?
B: Iie, nichiyōbi ja arimasen deshita. Doyōbi deshita. No, it wasn't Sunday. It was Saturday.

📋 Quick Reference

FormPatternExample
A is BAはBです
A is not BAはBじゃありません
A was BAはBでした
A was not BAはBじゃありませんでした
Question… か
AlsoAもBです
Linking nounsAのB

✍️ Practice — れんしゅう

Try each one, then click to check.

1. Say "Mr Tanaka is a teacher."

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2. Add "too": → "I am a student too."

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(も replaces は.)

3. Make negative:

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4. Put in the past: (use "yesterday")

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5. Say "my friend's book" and "a Japanese-language teacher".

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and .

6. What is wrong with ?

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さん is never added to your own name. Correct:

7. Say "Anna is not a student either."

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8. Say "He was not a teacher."

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9. Answer ("Who is the engineer?") with "Philip is."

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(が, because "Philip" is the new information.)

10. In a café, say "I'll have coffee."

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(or simply )

Coming up in Chapter 5: The Core Particles I: が, を, に, で, へ. The subject marker が in full, を for objects, and に, で and へ for time, place and direction.