euesa1-2, Exercise 2: Why Europa failed

Model answer (any two reasons):

1. Divided management: each country managed its own stage, and no one had authority over the whole rocket.
2. Hard integration: stages built in different countries had to work together, and the tests failed repeatedly.
3. Rising costs and disagreement over whether the project was worth the money, including cutbacks in support from some members.

Lesson drawn: a launcher needs one lead country and one manager, which is why France led the Ariane programme.