website/japan/language/homework2/verbs.js

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const heading = document.querySelector(".heading");
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heading.append(addTitle("Japanese Language"));
heading.append(addParagraph("Philip Osztromok"));

main.append(addHeader("Verbs"))
main.append(addParagraph("Japanese verbs are different to those you would be familiar with in English and learning them is quite different to the way you might remember learning French verbs in school.  The verbs are not really conjugated and in the same way and do not express either person or plural/singular.  The verb has a stem and then an auxilliary is added to it to convery the meaning you want to express."));
main.append(addParagraph("Verbs always end with a syllable from the う line of the kana chart and possible endings are:"));
main.append(addInset("う - く - ぐ - す - つ - ぬ - む - ふ - る"));
main.append(addParagraph("They are grouped into three categories, the godan verbs, the ichidan verbs abd the irregular verbs and we will look at each of these in turn"));
main.append(addSubHeader("Godan Verbs"));
main.append(addParagraph("The godan verbs can end with any of the characters listed above and the last vowel sound is replaces with one from the same row of syllables, (note that by row, I mean the syllables with the same consonant sound rather than the same vowel sound).  To give you an example, if the verb is"));
main.append(addVocab("kaku", "to write"));
main.append(addParagraph("the stem is kak-.  If we want to say I write, the くis replaced by き and the stem is ます which gives us"));
main.append(addVocab("kakimasu", "I write"));
main.append(addParagraph("The person who is doing the wring is usually clear from the context.  For example"));
main.append(addVocab("kakimasuka", "do you write"));
main.append(addParagraph("You might think of this as something that can be tranlsated as \"write\" so if you are asking someone this, it would normally be clear that you are asking the person if they write or of they are writing but it is possible to specify the person (this does not change the verb) so I write is"));
main.append(addInset("私は書きます"));
main.append(addParagraph("Let's break this down."));
main.append(addInset("私"));
main.append(addParagraph("This is the kanji representing I and in romaji this is represented by watashi."));
main.append(addInset("は"));
main.append(addParagraph("This is the wa particle indicating that I is (possibly this is the only scenario where I is can be considered grammatically correct) the object of the sentence, the one who is doing the writing."));
main.append(addInset("書きます"));
main.append(addParagraph("This is the verb.  Notice that the verb is written with a kanji although you can also write it entirely with hiragana."));
main.append(addInset("ます"));
main.append(addParagraph("Note that the auxilliary here is masu (usually pronounces as mas).  In Japanese, the auxiliaries are often referred to as forms so this is the ます form indicating present affirmative which may sound familar if you have read the section on adjectives!  I will go into forms in a little more detail when I start to look at some examples, but this is just a quick introducton to the verb categories.  Once you know one form, it is usually very easy to convert to a different form for both the godan and ichidan verbs."));
main.append(addSubHeader("Ichidan Verbs"));
main.append(addParagraph("The ichidan verbs are a little simpler.  They always end with る which you simply drop to get the stem.  For example, the verb"));
main.append(addVocab("taburu", "to eat"));
main.append(addParagraph("has the stem たべ and the present affirmative using the masu form is"));
main.append(addInset("たべ"));
main.append(addParagraph("Verbs in Japanese are usually written with a kanji so you will be more likely to see this written as"));
main.append(addInset("食べます"));
main.append(addParagraph("You might notice that in both examples we have seen so far, the kanji represents one syllable and I suspect this is a uniquely Japanese thing although I'm not sure if that is a general rule or if that just happens to be the case with these two examples.  I will mostly write these with hiragana since I haven't studied the Kanji yet!"));
main.append(addSubHeader("Irregular Verbs"));
main.append(addParagraph("There are either two irregular verbs or there are lots of them, depending on your point of view.  I will explain that after we have seen the two.  They are"));
main.append(addVocab("kuru", "to come"));
main.append(addParagraph("and"));
main.append(addVocab("suru", "to do"));
main.append(addParagraph("So that's two.  However, there are a lot of verbs in Japanese that mean to do something.  An example of this is"));
main.append(addVocab("kaimonosuru", "to shop or do the shopping"));
main.append(addParagraph("The present affirmative of する is"))
main.append(addVocab("shinai", "I do, you do etc"));
main.append(addParagraph("For a verb like かいものする, you don't really need to know how to conjugate it if you have learned how to conjugate する, which you may have noticed is at the end of the verb.  You just need to replace する with the correct form so, for the masu form that gives us"));
main.append(addVocab("kaimonoshinai", "I shop or you do the shopping etc."));
main.append(addParagraph("One final point before we start to look at other forms or auxilliaries.  I mentioned that the ichidan verbs all have the same る ending so you may be tempted to think that if a verb has that ending, it must be an chidan verb.  In most cases, that will be true but bear in mind that the irregular verbs both have that same る ending.  In some cases, a verb ending in る can also be a godan verb so be careful with it.  You can say that if a verb has any other ending, it has to be a godan verb but a verb with a る ending can fall into any of the three caregories."));






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