website/japan/language/homework/verbs.js

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heading.append(addTitle("Japanese Language"));
heading.append(addParagraph("Philip Osztromok"));

main.append(addSubHeader("Godan Verbs"));
main.append(addParagraph("The godan verbs all end with a letter in the u characters so for example"))
main.append(addInsetBulletList(["かう    to buy", "かく    to write", "きく    to listen", "わらう    to laugh", "はたらく    to work"]));
main.append(addParagraph("These are sometimes called the consonant ending verbs because the root of the verb ends in a consonant and this is going to be a little easier to demonstrate in romaji.  Take the verb kiku to listen.  The root is going to be kik and what this means is that when you conjguate it, the く syllable will be replaced by another of the k syllables.  For example, \"I write\" is ききます so く becomes き"));
main.append(addParagraph("Japanese verbs use various forms to denote different verb conjugates.  For example, the ます form is used to indicate the present indicative positive and we can add it to the root (bearing in mind that in a sense, you can think of the root as being kik? where the ? denotes any vowel sound) so \"I listen\" is"));
main.append(addInset("ききます"));
main.append(addParagraph("You will often find this is written with a kanji which (from what I have seen so far) is used for the root (except for the last character so it is the part of the verb that, if it is written in hiragana, does not change) so we can also write this as"));
main.append(addInset("聞きます"));
main.append(addParagraph("Similar to the ます form is the ません form which is the present indicative negative (polite) so \"I don't listen\" is"));
main.append(addInset("ききません"));
main.append(addParagraph("Notice that with the  ます or the ません form, く became き and we can generalise here by saying that for a godan verb, the u character (that is く in this case) is replaced by the i character (or き).  Let's look at another example.  The verb to add is たす and so \"I add\" is"));
main.append(addInset("たします"));
main.append(addParagraph("and \"I don't add\" is"));
main.append(addInset("たしません"));
main.append(addParagraph("In this case, す is replaced by し."));
main.append(addParagraph("Another form is ない which is the casual form of the present indicative negative which uses an a syllable so where we replaced く with き, in the ma form we will replace it with か and we will also replace すwith さ so \"I don't listen\" is"));
main.append(addInset("きかない"));
main.append(addParagraph("and \"I don't add\" is"));
main.append(addInset("たさない"));
main.append(addParagraph("This is fairly regular but there is one exception (at least).  The verb to laugh is  わらう.  In the stem, the う is replaced with あ.  This is fine with the ます or ません forms which would replace the う with い so \"I laugh\" is"));
main.append(addInset("わらいます"));
main.append(addParagraph("and \"I don't laugh\" is"));
main.append(addInset("わらいません"));
main.append(addParagraph("With the nai form, う should be replaced with あ but the character before that is ら so this would give us"));
main.append(addInset("わらあない    this is not correct!!"));
main.append(addParagraph("In romaji, this would be wa ra a na i and understandably, Japanese speakers find it uncomfortable to repeat the a sound so instead, う is replaced with わ so the correct use of the nai form would give us"));
main.append(addInset("わらわない"));
main.append(addSubHeader("Ichidan Verbs"));
main.append(addParagraph("The ichidan verbs are probably the easiest to conjugate.  The verb always ends in る and to conjugate it, you simply drop the る and add the appropriate form.  However, you should be careful with this because when a verb does end with る it is most likely to be an ichidan verb.  However, remember that the godan verbs end with any character from the う characters, this includes う and it also includes る so a verb that ends in る can also be a godan verb."));
main.append(addParagraph("An example of an ichidan verb is ぬる, to sleep.  Let's see how this is conjugated with the ます, ません and ない forms."));
main.append(addInset("ぬます"));
main.append(addParagraph("I sleep or I am sleeping"));
main.append(addInset("ぬません"));
main.append(addParagraph("I don't sleep or I am not sleeping"));
main.append(addInset("ぬない"));
main.append(addParagraph("I don't sleep or I am not sleeping"));
main.append(addSubHeader("Irregular Verbs"));
main.append(addParagraph("There are two irregular verbs in Japanese in one sense but there are lots of them in another sense and I will expand on this after we have looked at the conjugations.  For now, be aware that one of the two, する meaning to do is often a verb ending in itself.  What I mean by that is that in Japanese, there are a lot of verbs that mean to do something such as さんぽする which means to take a walk and you might think of this as to do walk."));
main.append(addParagraph("The other irregular verb is くる which means to come.  Since these are irregular verbs, the conjugations don't necessarily follow the usual rules and so you just have to memorise them.  Let's start by looking at the ます, ません and ない forms for くる."));
main.append(addInset("きます"));
main.append(addParagraph("Come as in I come or I am coming - 私はきます"));
main.append(addInset("きません"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't come as in I don't come or I am not coming - 私はきません"));
main.append(addInset("きない"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't come as in I don't come or I am not coming - 私はきない"));
main.append(addParagraph("For する, we would conjugate it like this."));
main.append(addInset("します"));
main.append(addParagraph("Do as in I do or I am doing - 私はきます"));
main.append(addInset("しません"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't do as in I don't do or I am not doing - 私はしません"));
main.append(addInset("しない"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't do as in I don't do or I am not doing - 私はしない"));
main.append(addParagraph("For a verb like かいものする (meaning to shop or to do the shopping) and any of the other \"do\" verbs, the conjugation is the same as for する so in a sense we are only conjugating that part of the verb.  That is why we say there are only two irregular verbs.  Arguably, it would be more accuate to say that there are only two irrigular verb conjugations!"));
main.append(addParagraph("Let's look at the conjugation of the verb かいものする."))
main.append(addInset("かいものします"));
main.append(addParagraph("Do as in I shop or I am doing the shopping - 私はかいものします"));
main.append(addInset("かいものしません"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't do as in I don't shop or I am not doing the shopping - 私はかいものしません"));
main.append(addInset("かいものしない"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't do as in I don't shop do or I am not doing the shopping - 私はかいものしない"));
main.append(addSubHeader("Practice"));
main.append(addParagraph("For some extra practice, I will try conjugating the following verbs into the ます, ません and ない forms."));
main.append(addInset("のむ"));
main.append(addParagraph("This is a godan verb so the ますand ません forms will use み and the ない form will use ま so"));
main.append(addInset("のみます"));
main.append(addParagraph("Drink as in I drink - 私はのみます"));
main.append(addInset("のみません"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't drink as in I don't drink - 私はのみません"));
main.append(addInset("のまない"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't drink as in I don't drink - 私はのまか"));
main.append(addInset("さんぽする"));
main.append(addParagraph("This is one of the do verbs so it is conjugated using the irregular conjugation for する."))
main.append(addInset("さんぽします"));
main.append(addParagraph("Walk as in I walk or I go for a walk - 私はさんぽします"));
main.append(addInset("さんぽしません"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't walk as in I don't walk or I don't go for a walk - 私はさんぽしません"));
main.append(addInset("さんぽしない"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't walk as in I don't walk or I don't go for a walk - 私はさんぽしない"));
main.append(addInset("よむ"));
main.append(addParagraph("This is another of the godan verbs,"));
main.append(addInset("よみます"))
main.append(addParagraph("Read as in I read - 私はよみます"));
main.append(addInset("よみません"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't read as in I don't read - 私はよみません"));
main.append(addInset("よまない"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't read as in I don't read - 私はよまない"));
main.append(addInset("おきる"));
main.append(addParagraph("This is one of the ichidan verbs so it is a little easier to conjugate."));
main.append(addInset("おきます"));
main.append(addParagraph("Get up as in I get up - 私はおきます"));
main.append(addInset("おきません"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't get up as in I don't get up - 私はおきません"));
main.append(addInset("おきない"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't get up as in I don't get up - 私はおきない"));
main.append(addInset("おしえる"));
main.append(addInset("おしえます"));
main.append(addParagraph("This is also one of the ichidan verbs."))
main.append(addInset("おきます"));
main.append(addParagraph("Teach as in I teach - 私はおしえます"));
main.append(addInset("おしえません"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't teach as in I don't teach - 私はおしえません"));
main.append(addInset("おしえない"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't teach as in I don't teach - 私はおしえない"));
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