website/hungary/language/homework/vowel_harmony.js

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heading.append(addTitle("Hungarian Language"));
heading.append(addParagraph("Philip Osztromok"));
heading.append(addParagraph("Vowels and Vowel Harmony"));

main.append(addHeader("VOWELS"));
main.append(addParagraph("The Hungarian alphabet has 14 vowels.  7 of these are short vowels and each of these seven has a corresponding long vowel as follows:"));
main.append(addInset("Short vowels:  a 	e 	i 	o 	ö 	u 	ü"));
main.append(addInset("Long vowels:  á 	é 	í 	ó 	ő 	ú 	ű"));
main.append(addParagraph("We can also split these into back vowels and front vowels.  Back vowels are deeper and are made more at the back of the mouth."));
main.append(addInset("Back vowels: a, á, (i), (í), o, ó, u, ú"));
main.append(addParagraph("The front vowels have a higher pitch and are made more at the front of the mouth."));
main.append(addInset("Front vowels: e, é, (i), (í), ö, ő, ü, ű"));
main.append(addParagraph("We can also split the front vowels into two sub-groups.  Notice that every pair of long and short vowels appears in the same group.  For example, the short vowel, e, has the corresponding long vowel, é and these are both front vowels.  Here, we are making a couple of subgroups by taking all of the vowels in the front group and separating in to short and long groups."));
main.append(addInset("Short front: e, (i), ö, ü"));
main.append(addInset("Long front: é, (í), ő, ű"));
main.append(addParagraph("There are a couple of things here which you might find strange.  First is the fact that i and í appear as both back and front vowels.  This is because they are not really back or front vowels and actually don't contribute to whether a vowel is a front or a back vowel.  The other is the fact that only the front vowels are split into long and short subgroups but the reasons for both should become clear."));
main.append(addHeader("CATEGORISING A WORD"));
main.append(addParagraph("In Hungarian, spellings are often designed (or so it seems) to make the pronunciation of words sound more harmonious and vowel harmony helps with that because it is common in Hungarian to add endings on to words to change the meaning.  For example, ban or ben is added to the end of a word to indicate in.  In Hungarian, the park is \"A park\" so in the park is \"A parkban\".  Since park only has a back vowel, the ending also has a back vowel so we use ban rather than ben."));
main.append(addParagraph("Another example is the chair which is \"A szek\" so here there is only a front vowel and so we use an ending with a front vowel so in the chair would be \"A szekben\".  This is pretty straightforward and this is really the simplest form becuase if you remember that ban and ben are the possible endings, if the vowel is a or e you just use the ending with the same vowel.  If it's another vowel, you would use ban with a back vowel and ben with a front vowel."));
main.append(addParagraph("One of the most famous features of the Hungarian language is that words can be quite long so you will encounter examples containing both front and back vowels.  An example of this is béka which means frog and as a general rule, you want the ending to harmonise with the last vowel which is a back vowel so in the frog (!!) would be \"A békaban\".  Note that the example here is demonstrating a point about the language so I'm not too worried if in the frog is a sensible thing to say or not!"));
main.append(addParagraph("If the last vowel is i or í, then you ignore it for the purpose of deciding what ending to use so we might modify this rule to be the last vowel other than i or í."));
main.append(addParagraph("The endings in Hungarian can be two-fold (like ban/ben) and so the ending is based on either front or back vowels.  Sometimes, the endings can be three-fold and you will see this, for instance, in verb conjugations where the first person singular ends with ok/ek/ük.  These endings are based on back vowels (ok), short front vowels (ek) or long front vowels (ük).  Let's see some examples of that."));
main.append(addInsetBulletList(["I see - látok", "I like - szeretek", "I sit - ülök"]));




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