main.append(addImageWithCaption("./images/Lesson3_A.png","Phrases - do you speak ...?"));
main.append(addVocab("Anoo, nihongo, dekimasu ka?","Hi there, do you speak Japanese?"));
main.append(addSubHeader("Some notes on this."));
main.append(addParagraph("1. Anoo - this is a word used to indicate that you want to speak to someone so it is similar to saying hi there or excuse me in English."));
main.append(addParagraph("2. go - go means language so you have nihon which means Japan and so nihongo means Japan language or Japanese."));
main.append(addParagraph("3. Nihongogo dekimasu ka - literally means do you do so do you do Japanese. In Japanese, there is no equivalent to speak as used in this context."));
main.append(addVocab("Anoo, nihongo wakarimasu ka?","Excuse me, do you understand Japanese?"));
main.append(addVocab("Hai, dekimasu.","Yes I do."));
main.append(addVocab("Hai, sukoshi dekimasu.","Yes I speak a little Japanese."));
main.append(addVocab("Hai, wakarimasu.","Yes I do."));
main.append(addVocab("Hai, sukoshi wakarimasu.","Yes I understand a little."));
main.append(addVocab("Hai, sukoshi.","Yes, a little."));
main.append(addVocab("Sumimasen. Dekimasen.","I'm sorry, I don't."));
main.append(addVocab("Sumimasen. Wakarimasen.","I'm sorry, I don't understand [Japanese]."));
main.append(addSubHeader("Some other languages."));
main.append(addParagraph("Remember that go is the Japanese word for language so if you add go to the name of the country, you get the language and you can also remove go from the name of the language in order to get the name of the country in most cases. However, the Japanese word for England is"));
main.append(addInset("イングランド - Ingurando"));
main.append(addParagraph("I assume that if you put go at the end of Ingurando, a Japanese person would understand that you mean the language of England. However, note:"));
main.append(addInset("イギリス英語 - Igirisu eigo - British English."));
main.append(addParagraph("Possibly a similar thing would apply for Scottish, but technically this is not a language. For info:"));
main.append(addInsetBulletList(["これ - means this","は - the particle, <em>this</em> os the subject.","誰 - who","ですか - is this?"]));
main.append(addInset("友達です"));
main.append(addParagraph("If we write this with hiragana in place of the the kanji it becomes"));
main.append(addInset("ともだちです"));
main.append(addParagraph("This is my friend."));
main.append(addInset("姉のこどもです"));
main.append(addParagraph("If we write this with hiragana in place of the the kanji it becomes"));
main.append(addInset("あねのこどもです"));
main.append(addParagraph("This is my sister's child."));
main.append(addParagraph("Note that these last two are loose translations. In the Japanese, <em>this</em> is implicit and since it is not actually stated, the particle is also missing."));
main.append(addParagraph("そうですか"));
main.append(addParagraph("This seems to be a common Japanese expression and means really or is that so."));
main.append(addInset("どこに住んでいますか"));
main.append(addParagraph("and written in hiragana only"));
main.append(addInset("どこにすんでいますか"));
main.append(addParagraph("Where do they live?"));
main.append(addParagraph("The subject is again implicit so there is no particle."));
main.append(addInset("東京に住んでいます"));
main.append(addParagraph("or"));
main.append(addInset("とうきょうに住んでいます"));
main.append(addParagraph("They live in Tokyo."));
main.append(addParagraph("A quick side note on the verb in this sentence, the verb すむ is an Godan or a consonant-root verb which means that the root is, if we were to write it in English, sum. I don't know how (or even if) this would be written in Japanese but the reason it ends in a consonant is because when you conjugate the verb or add an auxiliary, this is the part that doesn't change so essentially, す is the constant and it will be followed by one of ま, み, む, め or も but can also be followed by ん. For example"));
main.append(addInset("住んで います"));
main.append(addParagraph("is the polite way to say I live."));
main.append(addInset("住める"));
main.append(addParagraph("indicates potential - as I may live. Note that the verb to live is in the sense of where you reside than whether or not you are alive! An example of this is"));
main.append(addInset("私はエディンバラに住んでいます"));
main.append(addParagraph("I live in Edinburgh."));
main.append(addInset("彼はエディンバラに住んでいる"));
main.append(addParagraph("or"));
main.append(addInset("かれはエディンバラに住んでいる"));
main.append(addParagraph("means he lives in Edinburgh so for instance if I am telling someone about Thor or Loki, I can say"));
main.append(addInset("トールはエディンバラに住んでいる"));
main.append(addParagraph("or"));
main.append(addInset("ロキはエディンバラに住んでいる"));
main.append(addParagraph("Notice that since トール or ロキ is the subject of the sentence, the name is followed by the は (wa) particle. For more information on conjugation the verb, you can check it out on the <a href='https://www.japaneseverbconjugator.com/VerbDetails.asp?txtVerb=%E4%BD%8F%E3%82%80'>Ultra Handy Japanese Verb Conjugator</a> or for more information on Japanese verbs in general, see <a href='https://www.tofugu.com/japanese-grammar/verb-conjugation-groups/'>Verb Conjugation</a> on <a href='https://www.tofugu.com/'>tofugu.com</a>."));
main.append(addInset("何歳ですか"));
main.append(addParagraph("or"));
main.append(addInset("なんさいですか"));
main.append(addParagraph("How old is he?"));
main.append(addInset("3歳です"));
main.append(addParagraph("or"));
main.append(addInset("さんさいです"));
main.append(addParagraph("He is 3 years old."));
main.append(addParagraph("Notice that again, we have no particle in either the question or the response so the subject is implicit."));
main.append(addInset("とてもかわいい！"));
main.append(addParagraph("Learning verbs is very important, but we will need some other words in order to start making up some sentences."));
main.append(addSubHeader("Voabulary"));
main.append(addImageWithCaption("./images/Lesson19_A.png","A little more vocabulary."));
main.append(addParagraph("Unlike Chinese, words where the meaning changes depnding on the tone are not very common in Japanese but there are a couple of examples of that here."));
main.append(addInset("橋 or はし"));
main.append(addParagraph("will mean bridge with a rising intonation. If it has a falling intonation and sounds a little flatter, it means chopsticks. The other example is"));
main.append(addInset("あめ"));
main.append(addParagraph("This means candy when it has a rising intonation and rain (approprialtely) with a falling intonation."));
main.append(addSubHeader("The nai form"));
main.append(addParagraph("The nai form is used to express a want so for example"));
main.append(addInset("よみたい"));
main.append(addParagraph("Means want to read. The Japanese for for book is"));
main.append(addInset("ほん"));
main.append(addParagraph("If we want to say I want to read a book, in Japanese, the person is often omitted from the sentence because it is often clear from context who the subject of the sentence is, so we can say"));
main.append(addInset("ほんをよみたい"));
main.append(addParagraph("This can also mean you want to read a book and you can make that a question by adding か to the end of the sentence so"));
main.append(addInset("ほんをよみたいか"));
main.append(addParagraph("Do you want to read a book?"));
main.append(addParagraph("For practice, I will write out the たい forms of the verbs used to practice the forms in the previous lesson and also conjugate some additional verbs with the same forms as last week as well as the たい form."));
main.append(addSubHeader("Practice"));
main.append(addSmallHeader("The たい form"));
main.append(addInset("のまたい"));
main.append(addParagraph("Want to drink as in I want to drink - 私はのまたい"));
main.append(addInset("さんぽしたい"));
main.append(addParagraph("Want to walk as in I want to go for a walk - 私はさんぽしたい"));
main.append(addInset("よまたい"));
main.append(addParagraph("Want to read as in I want to read - 私はよまたい"));
main.append(addInset("おきたい"));
main.append(addParagraph("Want to get up as in I want to get up - 私はおきたい"));
main.append(addInset("おしえたい"));
main.append(addParagraph("Want to teach as in I want to teach - 私はおしえたい"));
main.append(addSmallHeader("The ます, ません, ない and たい forms"));
main.append(addInset("かう"));
main.append(addParagraph("A godan verb meaning to buy"));
main.append(addParagraph("buy as in I buy - 私はかいます"));
main.append(addInset("かいません"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't buy as in I don't buy - 私はかいません"));
main.append(addInset("かわない"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't buy as in I don't buy - 私はかわない"));
main.append(addInset("かわたい"));
main.append(addParagraph("Want to buy as in I want to buy - 私はかわたい"));
main.append(addInset("かく"));
main.append(addParagraph("A godan verb meaning to write"));
main.append(addInset("かきます"));
main.append(addParagraph("Write as in I write - 私はかきます"));
main.append(addInset("かきません"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't write as in I don't write - 私はかきません"));
main.append(addInset("かかない"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't write as in I don't write - 私はかかない"));
main.append(addInset("かかたい"));
main.append(addParagraph("Want to write as in I want to write - 私はかかたい"));
main.append(addInset("きく"));
main.append(addParagraph("A godan verb meaning to listen"));
main.append(addInset("ききます"));
main.append(addParagraph("listen as in I listen - 私はききます"));
main.append(addInset("ききません"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't listen as in I don't listen - 私はききません"));
main.append(addInset("きかない"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't listen as in I don't listen - 私はきかない"));
main.append(addInset("きかたい"));
main.append(addParagraph("Want to listen as in I want to listen - 私はきかたい"));
main.append(addInset("はなす"));
main.append(addParagraph("A godan verb meaning to speak"));
main.append(addInset("はなします"));
main.append(addParagraph("speak as in I speak - 私ははなします"));
main.append(addInset("はなしません"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't speak as in I don't speak - 私ははなしません"));
main.append(addInset("はなしない"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't speak as in I don't speak - 私ははなしない"));
main.append(addInset("はなしたい"));
main.append(addParagraph("Want to speak as in I want to speak - 私ははなしたい"));
main.append(addInset("あう"));
main.append(addParagraph("A godan verb meaning to meet"));
main.append(addInset("あうます"));
main.append(addParagraph("meet as in I meet - 私はあうます"));
main.append(addInset("あうません"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't meet as in I don't meet - 私はあうません"));
main.append(addInset("あわない"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't meet as in I don't meet - 私はあわない"));
main.append(addInset("あわたい"));
main.append(addParagraph("Want to meet as in I want to meet - 私はあわたい"));
main.append(addInset("あげる"));
main.append(addParagraph("An ichidan verb meaning to give"));
main.append(addInset("あげます"));
main.append(addParagraph("give as in I give - 私はあげます"));
main.append(addInset("あげません"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't give as in I don't give - 私はあげません"));
main.append(addInset("あげない"));
main.append(addParagraph("Don't give as in I don't give - 私はあげない"));
main.append(addInset("あげたい"));
main.append(addParagraph("Want to give as in I want to give - 私はあげたい"));
main.append(addSmallHeader("Some practice sentences using the various verb forms."));
main.append(addParagraph("One important point about Japanese grammar is that it use particles after a noun. An example of this is the を particle which indicates that the noun is the object of the sentence. For example, if I wanted to say, I want to read a book, in Japanese this is"));
main.append(addInset("私はほんをよまたい"));
main.append(addParagraph("Notice that we have two particles in this sentence. I is the subject and this is indicated by the は particle. Book is the object and this is indicated by the を particle."));
main.append(addParagraph("Fun fact. Although は is the particlar for the subject and it used the hiragana character for ham when used as a particle, it is pronounced wa. Conversely, the を particle uses the old hiragana character for wo, but over time, this cam to be pronounced as o and you won't see the wo sound in the hiragana anymore."));
